4.4 Understand Slope of a Line

When you graph linear equations, you may notice that some lines tilt up as they go from left to right and some lines tilt down. Some lines are very steep and some lines are flatter. What determines whether a line tilts up or down or if it is steep or flat?

In mathematics, the ‘tilt’ of a line is called the slope of the line. The concept of slope has many applications in the real world. The pitch of a roof, grade of a highway, and a ramp for a wheelchair are some examples where you literally see slopes. And when you ride a bicycle, you feel the slope as you pump uphill or coast downhill.

In this section, we will explore the concept of slope.

Use Geoboards to Model Slope

A geoboard is a board with a grid of pegs on it. Using rubber bands on a geoboard gives us a concrete way to model lines on a coordinate grid. By stretching a rubber band between two pegs on a geoboard, we can discover how to find the slope of a line.

We’ll start by stretching a rubber band between two pegs as shown in Figure 4.19.

The figure shows a grid of evenly spaced pegs. There are 5 columns and 5 rows of pegs. A rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 1, row 4 and the peg in column 4, row 2, forming a line. — **Figure 4.19**

Doesn’t it look like a line?

Now we stretch one part of the rubber band straight up from the left peg and around a third peg to make the sides of a right triangle, as shown in Figure 4.20

The figure shows a grid of evenly spaced pegs. There are 5 columns and 5 rows of pegs. A rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 1, row 2, the peg in column 1, row 4, and the peg in column 4, row 2, forming a right triangle. The 1, 2 peg is the vertex of the 90 degree angle, while the line between the 1, 4 and 4, 2 pegs forms the hypotenuse of the triangle. — **Figure 4.20**

We carefully make a 90º angle around the third peg, so one of the newly formed lines is vertical and the other is horizontal.

To find the slope of the line, we measure the distance along the vertical and horizontal sides of the triangle. The vertical distance is called the rise and the horizontal distance is called the run, as shown in Figure 4.21.

In this illustration, there are two perpendicular lines with arrows. The first line extends straight upward and is labeled “rise”. The second arrow extends straight rightward and is labeled “run”. — **Figure 4.21**

If our geoboard and rubber band look just like the one shown in Figure 4.22, the rise is 2. The rubber band goes up 2 units. (Each space is one unit.)

What is the run?

The rubber band goes across 3 units. The run is 3 (see Figure 4.22).

The slope of a line is the ratio of the rise to the run. In mathematics, it is always referred to with the letter $m$ .

What is the slope of the line on the geoboard in Figure 4.22?

$\begin{matrix} m & = & \frac{rise}{run} \\ m & = & \frac{2}{3} \end{matrix}$

The line has slope $\frac{2}{3}$ . This means that the line rises 2 units for every 3 units of run.

When we work with geoboards, it is a good idea to get in the habit of starting at a peg on the left and connecting to a peg to the right. If the rise goes up it is positive and if it goes down it is negative. The run will go from left to right and be positive.

Example 1

What is the slope of the line on the geoboard shown?

Use the definition of slope: $m = \frac{rise}{run} .$

Start at the left peg and count the spaces up and to the right to reach the second peg.

**Table 4.30**
The rise is 3.	$m = \frac{3}{run}$
The run is 4.	$m = \frac{3}{4}$
	The slope is $\frac{3}{4}$ .

This means that the line rises 3 units for every 4 units of run.

Example 2

What is the slope of the line on the geoboard shown?

Use the definition of slope: $m = \frac{rise}{run} .$

Start at the left peg and count the units down and to the right to reach the second peg.

**Table 4.31**
The rise is −1.	$= \frac{−1}{run}$
The run is 3.	$\begin{matrix} m = \frac{−1}{3} \\ m = - \frac{1}{3} \end{matrix}$
	The slope is $- \frac{1}{3}$ .

This means that the line drops 1 unit for every 3 units of run.

Notice that in Example 1 the slope is positive and in Example 2 the slope is negative. Do you notice any difference in the two lines shown in Figure 4.23(a) and Figure 4.23(b)?

The figure shows two grids of evenly spaced pegs, one labeled (a) and one labeled (b). There are 5 columns and 5 rows of pegs in each grid. In the (a) grid, a rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 1, row 5 and the peg in column 5, row 2, forming a line. Below this grid is the slope of a line defined as m equals 3 fourths. In the (b) grid, a rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 1, row 3 and the peg in column 4, row 4, forming a line. Below this grid is the slope of a line defined as m equals negative 1 third. — **Figure 4.23**

We ‘read’ a line from left to right just like we read words in English. As you read from left to right, the line in Figure 4.23(a) is going up; it has positive slope. The line in Figure 4.23(b) is going down; it has negative slope.

Example 3

Use a geoboard to model a line with slope $\frac{1}{2}$ .

To model a line on a geoboard, we need the rise and the run.

**Table 4.32**
Use the slope formula.	$m = \frac{rise}{run}$
Replace $m$ with $\frac{1}{2}$ .	$\frac{1}{2} = \frac{rise}{run}$

So, the rise is 1 and the run is 2.

Start at a peg in the lower left of the geoboard.

Stretch the rubber band up 1 unit, and then right 2 units.

The hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by the rubber band represents a line whose slope is $\frac{1}{2}$ .

Example 4

Use a geoboard to model a line with slope $\frac{−1}{4} .$

**Table 4.33**
Use the slope formula.	$m = \frac{rise}{run}$
Replace $m$ with $\frac{−1}{4}$ .	$\frac{−1}{4} = \frac{rise}{run}$

So, the rise is $−1$ and the run is 4.

Since the rise is negative, we choose a starting peg on the upper left that will give us room to count down.

We stretch the rubber band down 1 unit, then go to the right 4 units, as shown.

The hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by the rubber band represents a line whose slope is $\frac{−1}{4}$ .

Use $m = \frac{rise}{run}$ to Find the Slope of a Line from its Graph

Now, we’ll look at some graphs on the $x y$ -coordinate plane and see how to find their slopes. The method will be very similar to what we just modeled on our geoboards.

To find the slope, we must count out the rise and the run. But where do we start?

We locate two points on the line whose coordinates are integers. We then start with the point on the left and sketch a right triangle, so we can count the rise and run.

Example 6

Find the slope of the line shown.

Locate two points on the graph whose coordinates are integers.	$open parenthesis 0, 5 close parenthesis$ and $open parenthesis 3, 3 close parenthesis$
Which point is on the left?	$open parenthesis 0, 5 close parenthesis$
Starting at $open parenthesis 0, 5 close parenthesis$ , sketch a right triangle to $open parenthesis 3, 3 close parenthesis$ .
Count the rise—it is negative.	The rise is $−2$ .
Count the run.	The run is 3.
Use the slope formula.	$m = \frac{rise}{run}$
Substitute the values of the rise and run.	$m = \frac{−2}{3}$
Simplify.	$m = - \frac{2}{3}$
	The slope of the line is $- \frac{2}{3}$ .

So $y$ decreases by 2 units as $x$ increases by 3 units.

What if we used the points $open parenthesis −3, 7 close parenthesis$ and $open parenthesis 6, 1 close parenthesis$ to find the slope of the line?

The rise would be $−6$ and the run would be 9. Then $m = \frac{−6}{9}$ , and that simplifies to $m = - \frac{2}{3}$ . Remember, it does not matter which points you use—the slope of the line is always the same.

In the last two examples, the lines had y-intercepts with integer values, so it was convenient to use the y-intercept as one of the points to find the slope. In the next example, the y-intercept is a fraction. Instead of using that point, we’ll look for two other points whose coordinates are integers. This will make the slope calculations easier.

Example 7

Find the slope of the line shown.

Locate two points on the graph whose coordinates are integers.	$open parenthesis 2, 3 close parenthesis$ and $open parenthesis 7, 6 close parenthesis$
Which point is on the left?	$open parenthesis 2, 3 close parenthesis$
Starting at $open parenthesis 2, 3 close parenthesis$ , sketch a right triangle to $open parenthesis 7, 6 close parenthesis$ .
Count the rise.	The rise is 3.
Count the run.	The run is 5.
Use the slope formula.	$m = \frac{rise}{run}$
Substitute the values of the rise and run.	$m = \frac{3}{5}$
	The slope of the line is $\frac{3}{5}$ .

This means that $y$ increases 5 units as $x$ increases 3 units.

When we used geoboards to introduce the concept of slope, we said that we would always start with the point on the left and count the rise and the run to get to the point on the right. That way the run was always positive and the rise determined whether the slope was positive or negative.

What would happen if we started with the point on the right?

Let’s use the points $open parenthesis 2, 3 close parenthesis$ and $open parenthesis 7, 6 close parenthesis$ again, but now we’ll start at $open parenthesis 7, 6 close parenthesis$ .

**Table 4.34**
Count the rise.	The rise is $−3$ .
Count the run. It goes from right to left, so it is negative.	The run is $−5$ .
Use the slope formula.	$m = \frac{rise}{run}$
Substitute the values of the rise and run.	$m = \frac{−3}{−5}$
	The slope of the line is $\frac{−3}{−5}$ .

It does not matter where you start—the slope of the line is always the same.

Find the Slope of Horizontal and Vertical Lines

Do you remember what was special about horizontal and vertical lines? Their equations had just one variable.

$\begin{matrix} Horizontal line y = b & Vertical line x = a \\ y -coordinates are the same. & x -coordinates are the same. \end{matrix}$

So how do we find the slope of the horizontal line $y equals 4$ ? One approach would be to graph the horizontal line, find two points on it, and count the rise and the run. Let’s see what happens when we do this.

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x-axis runs from negative 1 to 5 and the y-axis runs from negative 1 to 7. A line passes through the points (0, 4) and (3, 4).

**Table 4.35**
What is the rise?	The rise is $0$ .
Count the run.	The run is $3$ .
What is the slope?	$\begin{matrix} m = \frac{rise}{run} \\ m = \frac{0}{3} \\ m = 0 \end{matrix}$
	The slope of the horizontal line $y equals 4$ is $0$ .

All horizontal lines have slope 0. When the y-coordinates are the same, the rise is 0.

The floor of your room is horizontal. Its slope is 0. If you carefully placed a ball on the floor, it would not roll away.

Now, we’ll consider a vertical line, the line.

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x-axis runs from negative 1 to 5 and the y-axis runs from negative 2 to 2. A line passes through the points (3, 0) and (3, 2).

**Table 4.36**
What is the rise?	The rise is $2$ .
Count the run.	The run is $0$ .
What is the slope?	$\begin{matrix} m = \frac{rise}{run} \\ m = \frac{2}{0} \end{matrix}$

But we can’t divide by 0. Division by 0 is not defined. So we say that the slope of the vertical line $x equals 3$ is undefined.

The slope of any vertical line is undefined. When the x-coordinates of a line are all the same, the run is 0.

Remember, we ‘read’ a line from left to right, just like we read written words in English.

Use the Slope Formula to find the Slope of a Line Between Two Points

Sometimes we’ll need to find the slope of a line between two points when we don’t have a graph to count out the rise and the run. We could plot the points on grid paper, then count out the rise and the run, but as we’ll see, there is a way to find the slope without graphing. Before we get to it, we need to introduce some algebraic notation.

We have seen that an ordered pair $(x, y)$ gives the coordinates of a point. But when we work with slopes, we use two points. How can the same symbol $(x, y)$ be used to represent two different points? Mathematicians use subscripts to distinguish the points.

$open parenthesis x sub 1, y sub 1 close parenthesis, read ‘ x sub 1, y sub 1’; open parenthesis x sub 2, y sub 2 close parenthesis, read ‘ x sub 2, y sub 2’$

The use of subscripts in math is very much like the use of last name initials in elementary school. Maybe you remember Laura C. and Laura M. in your third grade class?

We will use $open parenthesis x sub 1, y sub 1 close parenthesis$ to identify the first point and $open parenthesis x sub 2, y sub 2 close parenthesis$ to identify the second point.

If we had more than two points, we could use $open parenthesis x sub 3, y sub 3 close parenthesis$ , $open parenthesis x sub 4, y sub 4 close parenthesis$ , and so on.

Let’s see how the rise and run relate to the coordinates of the two points by taking another look at the slope of the line between the points $open parenthesis 2, 3 close parenthesis$ and $open parenthesis 7, 6 close parenthesis$ .

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from 0 to 7. A line passes through the points (2, 3) and (7, 6), which are plotted and labeled. The ordered pair (2, 3) is labeled (x subscript 1, y subscript 1). The ordered pair (7, 6) is labeled (x subscript 2, y subscript 2). An additional point is plotted at (2, 6). The three points form a right triangle, with the line from (2, 3) to (7, 6) forming the hypotenuse and the lines from (2, 3) to (2, 6) and from (2, 6) to (7, 6) forming the legs. The first leg, from (2, 3) to (2, 6) is labeled y subscript 2 minus y subscript 1, 6 minus 3, and 3. The second leg, from (2, 3) to (7, 6), is labeled x subscript 2 minus x subscript 1, y minus 2, and 5.

Since we have two points, we will use subscript notation, $open parenthesis 2, x sub 1, 3 y sub 1 close parenthesis$ $open parenthesis 7, 6 x sub 2, y sub 2 close parenthesis$ .

On the graph, we counted the rise of 3 and the run of 5.

Notice that the rise of 3 can be found by subtracting the y-coordinates 6 and 3.

$3 = 6 - 3$

And the run of 5 can be found by subtracting the x-coordinates 7 and 2.

$5 = 7 - 2$

We know $m = \frac{rise}{run}$ . So $m = \frac{3}{5}$ .

We rewrite the rise and run by putting in the coordinates $m = \frac{6 - 3}{7 - 2}$ .

But 6 is $y sub 2$ , the y-coordinate of the second point and 3 is $y sub 1$ , the y-coordinate of the first point.

So we can rewrite the slope using subscript notation. $m = \frac{y_{2} - y_{1}}{7 - 2}$

Also, 7 is $x sub 2$ , the x-coordinate of the second point and 2 is $x sub 1$ , the x-coordinate of the first point.

So, again, we rewrite the slope using subscript notation. $m = \frac{y_{2} - y_{1}}{x_{2} - x_{1}}$

We’ve shown that $m = \frac{y_{2} - y_{1}}{x_{2} - x_{1}}$ is really another version of $m = \frac{rise}{run}$ . We can use this formula to find the slope of a line when we have two points on the line.

Example 9

Use the slope formula to find the slope of the line between the points $open parenthesis 1, 2 close parenthesis$ and $open parenthesis 4, 5 close parenthesis$ .

**Table 4.37**
We'll call $open parenthesis 1, 2 close parenthesis$ point #1 and $open parenthesis 4, 5 close parenthesis$ point #2.	$open parenthesis 1, 2 x sub 1, y sub 1 close parenthesis open parenthesis 4, 5 x sub 2, y sub 2 close parenthesis sub$
Use the slope formula.	$m = \frac{y_{2} - y_{1}}{x_{2} - x_{1}}$ .
Substitute the values.
$y$ of the second point minus $y$ of the first point	$m = \frac{5 - 2}{x_{2} - x_{1}}$ .
$x$ of the second point minus $x$ of the first point	$m = \frac{5 - 2}{4 - 1}$ .
Simplify the numerator and the denominator.	$m = \frac{3}{3}$ .
Simplify.	$m equals 1$ .

Let’s confirm this by counting out the slope on a graph using $m = \frac{rise}{run}$ .

It doesn’t matter which point you call point #1 and which one you call point #2. The slope will be the same. Try the calculation yourself.

Example 10

Use the slope formula to find the slope of the line through the points $open parenthesis −2, −3 close parenthesis$ and $open parenthesis −7, 4 close parenthesis$ .

**Table 4.38**
We'll call $open parenthesis −2, −3 close parenthesis$ point #1 and $open parenthesis −7, 4 close parenthesis$ point #2.	$open parenthesis −2, −3 x sub 1, y sub 1 close parenthesis open parenthesis −7, 4 x sub 2, y sub 2 close parenthesis sub$
Use the slope formula.	$m = \frac{y_{2} - y_{1}}{x_{2} - x_{1}}$ .
Substitute the values.
$y$ of the second point minus $y$ of the first point	$m = \frac{4 - (−3)}{x_{2} - x_{1}}$ .
$x$ of the second point minus $x$ of the first point	$m = \frac{4 - (−3)}{−7 - (−2)}$ .
Simplify.	$\begin{matrix} m = \frac{7}{−5} \\ m = - \frac{7}{5} \end{matrix}$

Let’s verify this slope on the graph shown.

$\begin{matrix} m & = & \frac{rise}{run} \\ m & = & \frac{−7}{5} \\ m & = & - \frac{7}{5} \end{matrix}$

Graph a Line Given a Point and the Slope

Up to now, in this chapter, we have graphed lines by plotting points, by using intercepts, and by recognizing horizontal and vertical lines.

One other method we can use to graph lines is called the point–slope method. We will use this method when we know one point and the slope of the line. We will start by plotting the point and then use the definition of slope to draw the graph of the line.

Example 12

Graph the line with y-intercept 2 whose slope is $m = - \frac{2}{3}$ .

Plot the given point, the y-intercept, $open parenthesis 0, 2 close parenthesis$ .

**Table 4.39**
Identify the rise and the run.	$m = - \frac{2}{3}$
	$\frac{rise}{run} = \frac{−2}{3}$
	$rise equals −2$
	$run equals 3$

Count the rise and the run. Mark the second point.

Connect the two points with a line.

You can check your work by finding a third point. Since the slope is $m = - \frac{2}{3}$ , it can be written as $m = \frac{2}{−3}$ . Go back to $open parenthesis 0, 2 close parenthesis$ and count out the rise, 2, and the run, $−3$ .

Example 13

Graph the line passing through the point $open parenthesis −1, −3 close parenthesis$ whose slope is $m equals 4.$

Plot the given point.

**Table 4.40**
Identify the rise and the run.	$m equals 4$
Write 4 as a fraction.	$\frac{rise}{run} = \frac{4}{1}$
	$rise = 4, run = 1$

Count the rise and run and mark the second point.

Connect the two points with a line.

You can check your work by finding a third point. Since the slope is $m equals 4$ , it can be written as $m = \frac{−4}{−1}$ . Go back to $open parenthesis −1, −3 close parenthesis$ and count out the rise, $−4$ , and the run, $−1$ .

Solve Slope Applications

At the beginning of this section, we said there are many applications of slope in the real world. Let’s look at a few now.

Example 14

The ‘pitch’ of a building’s roof is the slope of the roof. Knowing the pitch is important in climates where there is heavy snowfall. If the roof is too flat, the weight of the snow may cause it to collapse. What is the slope of the roof shown?

**Table 4.41**
Use the slope formula.	$m = \frac{rise}{run}$
Substitute the values for rise and run.	$m = \frac{9}{18}$
Simplify.	$m = \frac{1}{2}$
The slope of the roof is $\frac{1}{2}$ .
	The roof rises 1 foot for every 2 feet of horizontal run.

Example 15

Have you ever thought about the sewage pipes going from your house to the street? They must slope down $\frac{1}{4}$ inch per foot in order to drain properly. What is the required slope?

Use the slope formula.	$\begin{matrix} m = \frac{rise}{run} \\ m = \frac{- \frac{1}{4} inch}{1 foot} \\ m = \frac{- \frac{1}{4} inch}{12 inches} \end{matrix}$
Simplify.	$m = - \frac{1}{48}$
	The slope of the pipe is $- \frac{1}{48}$ .

The pipe drops 1 inch for every 48 inches of horizontal run.

Key Concepts

Find the Slope of a Line from its Graph using m=riserun
1. Locate two points on the line whose coordinates are integers.
2. Starting with the point on the left, sketch a right triangle, with the hypotenuse going from the first point to the second point.
3. Count the rise and the run on the legs of the triangle.
4. Take the ratio of rise to run to find the slope.
Graph a Line Given a Point and the Slope
1. Plot the given point.
2. Use the slope formula $m = \frac{rise}{run}$ to identify the rise and the run.
3. Starting at the given point, count out the rise and run to mark the second point.
4. Connect the points with a line.
Slope of a Horizontal Line
- The slope of a horizontal line, $y = b$ , is 0.
Slope of a vertical line
- The slope of a vertical line, $x = a$ , is undefined

Practice Makes Perfect

Use Geoboards to Model Slope

In the following exercises, find the slope modeled on each geoboard.

The figure shows a grid of evenly spaced pegs. There are 5 columns and 5 rows of pegs. A rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 1, row 3 and the peg in column 5, row 2, forming a line.

$\frac{1}{4}$

The figure shows a grid of evenly spaced pegs. There are 5 columns and 5 rows of pegs. A rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 2, row 4 and the peg in column 5, row 2, forming a line.

$\frac{2}{3}$

The figure shows a grid of evenly spaced pegs. There are 5 columns and 5 rows of pegs. A rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 3, row 4 and the peg in column 5, row 1, forming a line.

The figure shows a grid of evenly spaced pegs. There are 5 columns and 5 rows of pegs. A rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 2, row 1 and the peg in column 4, row 4, forming a line.

$\frac{−3}{2} = - \frac{3}{2}$

The figure shows a grid of evenly spaced pegs. There are 5 columns and 5 rows of pegs. A rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 1, row 1 and the peg in column 5, row 4, forming a line.

$- \frac{3}{4}$

The figure shows a grid of evenly spaced pegs. There are 5 columns and 5 rows of pegs. A rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 2, row 2 and the peg in column 4, row 5, forming a line.

In the following exercises, model each slope. Draw a picture to show your results.

$\frac{2}{3}$

The figure shows a grid of evenly spaced pegs. There are 5 columns and 5 rows of pegs. A rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 2, row 5 and the peg in column 5, row 3, forming a line.

$\frac{3}{4}$

$\frac{1}{4}$

$\frac{4}{3}$

$- \frac{1}{2}$

$- \frac{3}{4}$

$- \frac{2}{3}$

The figure shows a grid of evenly spaced pegs. There are 5 columns and 5 rows of pegs. A rubber band is stretched between the peg in column 1, row 2 and the peg in column 4, row 4, forming a line.

$- \frac{3}{2}$

Use $m = \frac{rise}{run}$ to find the Slope of a Line from its Graph

In the following exercises, find the slope of each line shown.

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 10 to 10. A line passes through the points (negative 10, negative 8), (0, negative 4), and (10, 0).

$\frac{2}{5}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line passes through the points (negative 2, negative 8) and (2, negative 2).

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line passes through the points (negative 4, negative 6) and (4, 4).

$\frac{5}{4}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line intercepts the y-axis at (0, negative 2) and passes through the point (3, 3).

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line passes through the points (negative 3, 3) and (3, 1).

$- \frac{1}{3}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line passes through the points (negative 2, 4) and (2, 2).

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line intercepts the y-axis at (0, 6) and passes through the point (4, 3).

$- \frac{3}{4}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line passes through the point (negative 3, 1) and intercepts the y-axis at (0, negative 1).

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line passes through the points (negative 2, 1) and (2, 4).

$\frac{3}{4}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line passes through the points (negative 1, 1) and (2, 3).

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line passes through the points (negative 1, 6) and (1, 1).

$−3$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line passes through the point (negative 1, 3) and intercepts the x-axis at (3, 0).

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 7 to 7. A line passes through the points (negative 2, 6) and (1, 4).

$- \frac{2}{3}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 10 to 10. A line passes through the points (negative 1, 3) and (1, 2).

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 10 to 10. A line intercepts the x-axis at (negative 2, 0) and passes through the point (2, 1).

$\frac{1}{4}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 10 to 10. A line passes through the points (4, 2) and (7, 3).

Find the Slope of Horizontal and Vertical Lines

In the following exercises, find the slope of each line.

$y equals 3$

$y equals 1$

$x equals 4$

undefined

$x equals 2$

$y equals −2$

$y equals −3$

$x equals −5$

undefined

$x equals −4$

Use the Slope Formula to find the Slope of a Line between Two Points

In the following exercises, use the slope formula to find the slope of the line between each pair of points.

$open parenthesis 1, 4 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 3, 9 close parenthesis$

$\frac{5}{2}$

$open parenthesis 2, 3 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 5, 7 close parenthesis$

$open parenthesis 0, 3 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 4, 6 close parenthesis$

$\frac{3}{4}$

$open parenthesis 0, 1 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 5, 4 close parenthesis$

$open parenthesis 2, 5 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 4, 0 close parenthesis$

$- \frac{5}{2}$

$open parenthesis 3, 6 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 8, 0 close parenthesis$

$open parenthesis −3, 3 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 4, −5 close parenthesis$

$- \frac{8}{7}$

$open parenthesis −2, 4 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 3, −1 close parenthesis$

$open parenthesis −1, −2 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 2, 5 close parenthesis$

$\frac{7}{3}$

$open parenthesis −2, −1 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 6, 5 close parenthesis$

$open parenthesis 4, −5 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 1, −2 close parenthesis$

$−1$

$open parenthesis 3, −6 close parenthesis, open parenthesis 2, −2 close parenthesis$

Graph a Line Given a Point and the Slope

In the following exercises, graph each line with the given point and slope.

$open parenthesis 1, −2 close parenthesis$ ; $m = \frac{3}{4}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 12 to 12. A line passes through the points (1, negative 2) and (5, 1).

$open parenthesis 1, −1 close parenthesis$ ; $m = \frac{2}{3}$

$open parenthesis 2, 5 close parenthesis$ ; $m = - \frac{1}{3}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 12 to 12. A line passes through the points (2, 5) and (5, 4).

$open parenthesis 1, 4 close parenthesis$ ; $m = - \frac{1}{2}$

$open parenthesis −3, 4 close parenthesis$ ; $m = - \frac{3}{2}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 12 to 12. A line passes through the points (negative 3, 4) and (negative 1, 1).

$open parenthesis −2, 5 close parenthesis$ ; $m = - \frac{5}{4}$

$open parenthesis −1, −4 close parenthesis$ ; $m = \frac{4}{3}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 12 to 12. A line passes through the points (negative 1, negative 4) and intercepts the x-axis at (2, 0).

$open parenthesis −3, −5 close parenthesis$ ; $m = \frac{3}{2}$

y-intercept 3; $m = - \frac{2}{5}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 12 to 12. A line intercepts the y-axis at (0, 3) and passes through the point (5, 1).

y-intercept 5; $m = - \frac{4}{3}$

x-intercept $−2$ ; $m = \frac{3}{4}$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 12 to 12. A line intercepts the x-axis at (negative 2, 0) and passes through the point (2, 3).

x-intercept $−1$ ; $m = \frac{1}{5}$

$open parenthesis −3, 3 close parenthesis$ ; $m equals 2$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 12 to 12. A line passes through the points (negative 3, 3) and (negative 2, 5).

$open parenthesis −4, 2 close parenthesis$ ; $m equals 4$

$open parenthesis 1, 5 close parenthesis$ ; $m equals −3$

The graph shows the x y coordinate plane. The x and y-axes run from negative 12 to 12. A line passes through the points (1, 5) and (2, 2).

$open parenthesis 2, 3 close parenthesis$ ; $m equals −1$

Everyday Math

Slope of a roof. An easy way to determine the slope of a roof is to set one end of a 12 inch level on the roof surface and hold it level. Then take a tape measure or ruler and measure from the other end of the level down to the roof surface. This will give you the slope of the roof. Builders, sometimes, refer to this as pitch and state it as an “ $x$ 12 pitch” meaning $\frac{x}{12}$ , where $x$ is the measurement from the roof to the level—the rise. It is also sometimes stated as an “ $x$ -in-12 pitch”.

ⓐ What is the slope of the roof in this picture?
ⓑ What is the pitch in construction terms?

ⓐ $\frac{1}{3}$ ⓑ 4 12 pitch or 4-in-12 pitch

The slope of the roof shown here is measured with a 12” level and a ruler. What is the slope of this roof?

This figure shows one side of a sloped roof of a house. The rise of the roof is measured with a ruler and shown to be 7 inches. The run of the roof is measured with a twelve inch level and shown to be 12 inches.

Road grade. A local road has a grade of 6%. The grade of a road is its slope expressed as a percent. Find the slope of the road as a fraction and then simplify. What rise and run would reflect this slope or grade?

$\frac{3}{50}$ ; rise = 3, run = 50

Highway grade. A local road rises 2 feet for every 50 feet of highway.

ⓐ What is the slope of the highway?
ⓑ The grade of a highway is its slope expressed as a percent. What is the grade of this highway?

Wheelchair ramp. The rules for wheelchair ramps require a maximum 1-inch rise for a 12-inch run.

ⓐ How long must the ramp be to accommodate a 24-inch rise to the door?
ⓑ Create a model of this ramp.

ⓐ 288 inches (24 feet) ⓑ Models will vary.

Wheelchair ramp. A 1-inch rise for a 16-inch run makes it easier for the wheelchair rider to ascend a ramp.

ⓐ How long must a ramp be to easily accommodate a 24-inch rise to the door?
ⓑ Create a model of this ramp.

Writing Exercises

What does the sign of the slope tell you about a line?

When the slope is a positive number the line goes up from left to right. When the slope is a negative number the line goes down from left to right.

How does the graph of a line with slope $m = \frac{1}{2}$ differ from the graph of a line with slope $m equals 2$ ?

Why is the slope of a vertical line “undefined”?

A vertical line has 0 run and since division by 0 is undefined the slope is undefined.

Self Check

ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objectives of this section.

This table has seven rows and four columns. The first row is a header row and it labels each column. The first column is labeled "I can …", the second "Confidently", the third “With some help” and the last "No–I don’t get it". In the “I can…” column the next row reads “use geoboards to model slope.” The third row reads “use m equals rise divided by run to find the slope of a line from its graph.” The fourth row reads “find the slope of horizontal and vertical lines.” The fifth row reads “use the slope formula to find the slope of a line between two points.” The sixth row reads “graph a line given a point and the slope.” The last row reads “solve slope applications.” The remaining columns are blank.

ⓑ On a scale of 1–10, how would you rate your mastery of this section in light of your responses on the checklist? How can you improve this?

4.4 Understand Slope of a Line

Use Geoboards to Model Slope

Use m=riserun to Find the Slope of a Line from its Graph

Find the Slope of Horizontal and Vertical Lines

Use the Slope Formula to find the Slope of a Line Between Two Points

Graph a Line Given a Point and the Slope

Solve Slope Applications

Key Concepts

Practice Makes Perfect

Everyday Math

Writing Exercises

Self Check

Use $m = \frac{rise}{run}$ to Find the Slope of a Line from its Graph