#set document(title: "5.4 Break and continue", author: "OpenStax / XYZ Homework")
#set page(width: 8.5in, height: auto, margin: 1in)
#import "@preview/cetz:0.5.2"
#set text(font: ("STIX Two Text", "Libertinus Serif", "New Computer Modern"), size: 10.5pt, lang: "en")
#show math.equation: set text(font: ("STIX Two Math", "New Computer Modern Math"))
#set par(justify: true, leading: 0.62em, spacing: 0.9em)
#set enum(spacing: 1.1em)   // room between list items so tall inline fractions don't collide
#set list(spacing: 1.1em)
#set table(stroke: 0.5pt + rgb("#c7ccd3"))

#let BLUE = rgb("#183B6F")     // brand navy — section bars + example/solution labels (white on navy 11.09:1)
#let ORANGE = rgb("#A94509")   // brand primary-700 — AA-safe deep orange for TEXT (5.93:1 on white; raw brand #F37021 is 2.94:1 and must never carry text)
#let RED = rgb("#DC2626")      // brand error-600
#let GREEN = rgb("#059669")    // brand success-600 (decoration only; small green text uses green-text #007942)

#show heading.where(level: 1): it => block(width: 100%, above: 0pt, below: 16pt,
  fill: gradient.linear(BLUE, rgb("#2C5AA0")), inset: (x: 14pt, y: 12pt), radius: 3pt,
  text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 19pt, it.body))
#show heading.where(level: 2): it => block(width: 100%, above: 18pt, below: 10pt,
  fill: BLUE, inset: (x: 10pt, y: 6pt), radius: 2pt,
  text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 12pt, it.body))
#show heading.where(level: 3): it => text(fill: ORANGE, weight: "bold", size: 12.5pt, it.body)
#show heading.where(level: 4): it => text(fill: BLUE, weight: "bold", size: 10.5pt, it.body)

#let examplebox(label, title, body) = block(width: 100%, breakable: true,
  fill: rgb("#EFF1F5"), stroke: 0.5pt + rgb("#CFDDF0"), radius: 4pt, inset: 10pt,
  above: 12pt, below: 12pt)[
  #block(below: 6pt)[#box(fill: BLUE, inset: (x: 6pt, y: 2pt), radius: 2pt,
    text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 8.5pt, label)) #h(0.4em) #strong[#title]]
  #body]

// rail = decorative left rule (raw brand token); labelcolor = AA-safe label text shade
#let notebox(label, rail, labelcolor, tint, body) = block(width: 100%, breakable: true, fill: tint,
    stroke: (left: 3pt + rail), inset: (left: 10pt, rest: 8pt), radius: (right: 4pt),
    above: 11pt, below: 11pt)[
    #text(fill: labelcolor, weight: "bold", size: 7.5pt, tracking: 0.5pt)[#upper(label)]
    #linebreak() #body]

#let solutionbox(body) = block(above: 4pt, below: 8pt)[
  #text(fill: BLUE, weight: "bold", size: 8.5pt)[Solution] #linebreak() #body]

#let figph(msg) = block(width: 100%, height: 60pt, fill: rgb("#f6f7f9"),
  stroke: (paint: rgb("#c7ccd3"), dash: "dashed"), radius: 4pt, inset: 10pt)[
  #align(center + horizon, text(fill: rgb("#889"), style: "italic", size: 9pt, msg))]

// Standardize inlined figure sizes: measure the natural CeTZ canvas, then scale to a
// consistent envelope (aspect-aware; see build_typst.py FIG_* constants). Unlike the
// print preamble, dimensions are FLOORED: in an editor a user can trim a figure to a
// degenerate 1-D shape (a bare line), and w/h or tw/w would then divide by zero.
#let _STD_W = 3.5
#let _WIDE_W = 5.6
#let _MAX_H = 3.4
#let _ASPECT_WIDE = 2.2
#let _UPSCALE_MAX = 1.15
#let stdfig(body) = context {
  let m = measure(body)
  let w = calc.max(m.width / 1in, 0.01)
  let h = calc.max(m.height / 1in, 0.01)
  let tw = if w / h > _ASPECT_WIDE { _WIDE_W } else { _STD_W }
  let s = calc.min(tw / w, _MAX_H / h, _UPSCALE_MAX)
  align(center, box(scale(x: s * 100%, y: s * 100%, reflow: true, body)))
}

#show figure: set block(breakable: false)
#set figure(gap: 8pt)
#show figure.caption: set text(size: 8.5pt, fill: rgb("#555"))


  
== 5.4#h(0.6em)Break and continue


  
    
=== Learning objectives


    By the end of this section you should be able to


    - Analyze a loop's execution with break and continue statements.
- Use break and continue control statements in while and for loops.


  
  
    
=== Break


    A #strong[break] statement is used within a for or a while loop to allow the program execution to exit the loop once a given condition is triggered. A break statement can be used to improve runtime efficiency when further loop execution is not required.


    Ex: A loop that looks for the character "a" in a given string called user\_string. The loop below is a regular for loop for going through all the characters of user\_string. If the character is found, the break statement takes execution out of the for loop. Since the task has been accomplished, the rest of the for loop execution is bypassed.


    
    user\_string = "This is a string."
    for i in range(len(user\_string)):
      if user\_string\[i\] == 'a':
        print("Found at index:", i)
        break
    #notebox("Note", rgb("#8a94a6"), rgb("#556666"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[
#emph[Break statement in a while loop]


      #link("https://www.openstax.org/r/while-break")[Break statement in a while loop; ch 5, video 6]
]


    #notebox("Note", rgb("#8a94a6"), rgb("#556666"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[
#emph[Infinite loop]


      A break statement is an essential part of a loop that does not have a termination condition. A loop without a termination condition is known as an #strong[infinite loop]. Ex: An infinite loop that counts up starting from 1 and prints the counter's value while the counter's value is less than 10. A break condition is triggered when the counter's value is equal to 10, and hence the program execution exits.


      
    counter = 1
    while True:
      if counter \>= 10:
        break
      print(counter)
      counter += 1
]


    #notebox("Note", rgb("#8a94a6"), rgb("#556666"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[
#emph[Using a break statement]
]


  
  
    
=== Continue


    A #strong[continue] statement allows for skipping the execution of the remainder of the loop without exiting the loop entirely. A continue statement can be used in a for or a while loop. After the continue statement's execution, the loop expression will be evaluated again and the loop will continue from the loop's expression. A continue statement facilitates the loop's control and readability.


    #notebox("Note", rgb("#8a94a6"), rgb("#556666"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[
#emph[Continue statement in a while loop]


      #link("https://www.openstax.org/r/while-control")[Control statement in a while loop; ch 5, video 7]
]


    #notebox("Note", rgb("#8a94a6"), rgb("#556666"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[
#emph[Using a continue statement]
]


  
  #notebox("Note", rgb("#8a94a6"), rgb("#556666"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[
#emph[Using break control statement in a loop]


    Write a program that reads a string value and prints "Found" if the string contains a space character. Else, prints "Not found".


    usr = input()

\# Printing the given input
print("You have entered", usr)

\# TODO: identify if the string contains a space character
]


  #notebox("Note", rgb("#8a94a6"), rgb("#556666"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[
#emph[Using a continue statement in a loop]


    Complete the following code so that the program calculates the sum of all the numbers in list my\_list that are greater than or equal to 5.


    my\_list = \[1, 5, 7, 12, 5, 17, 9, 2, 4\]

total = 0

for i in my\_list:
    if i \< 5:
        \# TO DO: numbers less than 5 should be skipped.

   else: 
        \# TO DO: numbers greater than 5 should be summed up.

print(total)
]