#set document(title: "9.2 Measuring Area", author: "OpenStax / XYZ Homework") #set page(width: 8.5in, height: auto, margin: 1in) #import "@preview/cetz:0.5.2" #set text(font: ("STIX Two Text", "Libertinus Serif", "New Computer Modern"), size: 10.5pt, lang: "en") #show math.equation: set text(font: ("STIX Two Math", "New Computer Modern Math")) #set par(justify: true, leading: 0.62em, spacing: 0.9em) #set enum(spacing: 1.1em) // room between list items so tall inline fractions don't collide #set list(spacing: 1.1em) #set table(stroke: 0.5pt + rgb("#c7ccd3")) #let BLUE = rgb("#183B6F") // brand navy — section bars + example/solution labels (white on navy 11.09:1) #let ORANGE = rgb("#A94509") // brand primary-700 — AA-safe deep orange for TEXT (5.93:1 on white; raw brand #F37021 is 2.94:1 and must never carry text) #let RED = rgb("#DC2626") // brand error-600 #let GREEN = rgb("#059669") // brand success-600 (decoration only; small green text uses green-text #007942) #show heading.where(level: 1): it => block(width: 100%, above: 0pt, below: 16pt, fill: gradient.linear(BLUE, rgb("#2C5AA0")), inset: (x: 14pt, y: 12pt), radius: 3pt, text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 19pt, it.body)) #show heading.where(level: 2): it => block(width: 100%, above: 18pt, below: 10pt, fill: BLUE, inset: (x: 10pt, y: 6pt), radius: 2pt, text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 12pt, it.body)) #show heading.where(level: 3): it => text(fill: ORANGE, weight: "bold", size: 12.5pt, it.body) #show heading.where(level: 4): it => text(fill: BLUE, weight: "bold", size: 10.5pt, it.body) #let examplebox(label, title, body) = block(width: 100%, breakable: true, fill: rgb("#EFF1F5"), stroke: 0.5pt + rgb("#CFDDF0"), radius: 4pt, inset: 10pt, above: 12pt, below: 12pt)[ #block(below: 6pt)[#box(fill: BLUE, inset: (x: 6pt, y: 2pt), radius: 2pt, text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 8.5pt, label)) #h(0.4em) #strong[#title]] #body] // rail = decorative left rule (raw brand token); labelcolor = AA-safe label text shade #let notebox(label, rail, labelcolor, tint, body) = block(width: 100%, breakable: true, fill: tint, stroke: (left: 3pt + rail), inset: (left: 10pt, rest: 8pt), radius: (right: 4pt), above: 11pt, below: 11pt)[ #text(fill: labelcolor, weight: "bold", size: 7.5pt, tracking: 0.5pt)[#upper(label)] #linebreak() #body] #let solutionbox(body) = block(above: 4pt, below: 8pt)[ #text(fill: BLUE, weight: "bold", size: 8.5pt)[Solution] #linebreak() #body] #let figph(msg) = block(width: 100%, height: 60pt, fill: rgb("#f6f7f9"), stroke: (paint: rgb("#c7ccd3"), dash: "dashed"), radius: 4pt, inset: 10pt)[ #align(center + horizon, text(fill: rgb("#889"), style: "italic", size: 9pt, msg))] // Standardize inlined figure sizes: measure the natural CeTZ canvas, then scale to a // consistent envelope (aspect-aware; see build_typst.py FIG_* constants). Unlike the // print preamble, dimensions are FLOORED: in an editor a user can trim a figure to a // degenerate 1-D shape (a bare line), and w/h or tw/w would then divide by zero. #let _STD_W = 3.5 #let _WIDE_W = 5.6 #let _MAX_H = 3.4 #let _ASPECT_WIDE = 2.2 #let _UPSCALE_MAX = 1.15 #let stdfig(body) = context { let m = measure(body) let w = calc.max(m.width / 1in, 0.01) let h = calc.max(m.height / 1in, 0.01) let tw = if w / h > _ASPECT_WIDE { _WIDE_W } else { _STD_W } let s = calc.min(tw / w, _MAX_H / h, _UPSCALE_MAX) align(center, box(scale(x: s * 100%, y: s * 100%, reflow: true, body))) } #show figure: set block(breakable: false) #set figure(gap: 8pt) #show figure.caption: set text(size: 8.5pt, fill: rgb("#555")) == 9.2#h(0.6em)Measuring Area #figure(figph[A person painting a wall using a paint roller.], alt: "A person painting a wall using a paint roller.", caption: [A painter uses an extension roller to paint a wall.]) === Learning Objectives After completing this section, you should be able to: + Identify reasonable values for area applications. + Convert units of measures of area. + Solve application problems involving area. #strong[Area] is the size of a surface. It could be a piece of land, a rug, a wall, or any other two-dimensional surface with attributes that can be measured in the metric unit for distance-meters. Determining the area of a surface is important to many everyday activities. For example, when purchasing paint, you’ll need to know how many #strong[square units] of surface area need to be painted to determine how much paint to buy. Square units indicate that two measures in the same units have been multiplied together. For example, to find the area of a rectangle, multiply the length units and the width units to determine the area in square units. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "1 cm times 1 cm equals 1 cm squared")[$1 #h(0.28em) "cm" × 1 #h(0.28em) "cm" = 1 #h(0.28em) "cm"^(2)$] Note that to accurately calculate area, each of the measures being multiplied must be of the same units. For example, to find an area in square centimeters, both length measures (length and width) must be in centimeters. #notebox("Formula", rgb("#059669"), rgb("#007942"), rgb("#EAF3EC"))[ The formula used to determine area depends on the shape of that surface. Here we will limit our discussions to the area of rectangular-shaped objects like the one in Figure 9.6. Given this limitation, the basic formula for area is: #math.equation(block: true, alt: "Area equals length open parenthesis l close parenthesis times width open parenthesis w close parenthesis")[$"Area" = "length " ( l ) × "width " ( w )$] #math.equation(block: true, alt: "or; A equals l times w")[$"or" \ A = l × w$] #figure( stdfig([#cetz.canvas({ import cetz.draw: * line((25.00pt, 25.00pt), (175.00pt, 25.00pt), (175.00pt, 100.00pt), (25.00pt, 100.00pt), close: true, fill: none, stroke: 0.7pt + black) content((100.00pt, 16.00pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 9pt)[length]) content((184.00pt, 62.50pt), anchor: "west", text(size: 9pt)[width]) })]), alt: "A rectangle with its longest side marked the length and the shortest side marked the width.", caption: [Rectangle with Length #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis l close parenthesis")[$( l )$] and Width #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis w close parenthesis")[$( w )$] Labeled], ) ] === Reasonable Values for Area Because area is determined by multiplying two lengths, the magnitude of difference between different square units is exponential. In other words, while a meter is 100 times greater in length than a centimeter, a square meter #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis m squared close parenthesis")[$( "m"^("2") )$] is #math.equation(block: false, alt: "100 times 100 , or 10,000")[$100 × 100 , #h(0.28em) "or" #h(0.28em) 10,000$] times greater in area than a square centimeter #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis cm squared close parenthesis")[$( "cm"^("2") )$]. The relationships between benchmark metric area units are shown in the following table. #figure(table( columns: 3, align: left, inset: 6pt, table.header([Units], [Relationship], [Conversion Rate]), [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "km squared")[$"km"^(2)$] to #math.equation(block: false, alt: "m squared")[$"m"^(2)$]], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "km times km, equals, km squared; 1 km, equals, 1,000 m; 1,000 m times 1,000 m, equals, 1,000,000 m squared")[$"km" × "km" & = & "km"^(2) \ 1 #h(0.28em) "km" & = & 1,000 #h(0.28em) upright(m) \ 1,000 #h(0.28em) upright(m) × 1,000 #h(0.28em) upright(m) & = & 1,000,000 #h(0.28em) upright(m)^(2)$]], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "1 ⁢ km squared equals 1,000,000 m squared")[$1 "km"^(2) = 1,000,000 #h(0.28em) upright(m)^(2)$]], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "m squared")[$"m"^(2)$] to #math.equation(block: false, alt: "cm squared")[$"cm"^(2)$]], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "m times m, equals, m squared; 1 m, equals, 100 cm; 100 cm times 100 cm, equals, 10,000 ⁢ cm squared")[$upright(m) × upright(m) & = & upright(m)^(2) \ 1 #h(0.28em) upright(m) & = & 100 #h(0.28em) "cm" \ 100 #h(0.28em) "cm" × 100 #h(0.28em) "cm" & = & 10,000 "cm"^(2)$]], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "1 ⁢ m squared equals 10,000 ⁢ cm squared")[$1 upright(m)^(2) = 10,000 "cm"^(2)$]], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "cm squared")[$"cm"^(2)$] to #math.equation(block: false, alt: "mm squared")[$"mm"^(2)$]], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "cm times cm, equals, cm squared; 1 cm, equals, 10 mm; 10 mm times 10 mm, equals, 100 mm squared")[$"cm" × "cm" & = & "cm"^(2) \ 1 #h(0.28em) "cm" & = & 10 #h(0.28em) "mm" \ 10 #h(0.28em) "mm" × 10 #h(0.28em) "mm" & = & 100 #h(0.28em) "mm"^(2)$]], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "1 cm squared equals 100 mm squared")[$1 #h(0.28em) "cm"^(2) = 100 #h(0.28em) "mm"^(2)$]], )) An essential understanding of metric area is to identify reasonable values for area. When testing for reasonableness you should assess both the unit and the unit value. Only by examining both can you determine whether the given area is reasonable for the situation. #examplebox("Example 1")[Determining Reasonable Units for Area][ Which unit of measure is most reasonable to describe the area of a sheet of paper: #math.equation(block: false, alt: "km squared")[$"km"^(2)$], #math.equation(block: false, alt: "cm squared")[$"cm"^(2)$], or #math.equation(block: false, alt: "mm squared")[$"mm"^(2)$]? #solutionbox[ In the U.S. Customary System of Measurement, the length and width of paper is usually measured in inches. In the metric system centimeters are used for measures usually expressed in inches. Thus, the most reasonable unit of measure to describe the area of a sheet of paper is square centimeters. Square kilometers is too large a unit and square millimeters is too small a unit. ] ] #examplebox("Example 2")[Determining Reasonable Values for Area][ You want to paint your bedroom walls. Which represents a reasonable value for the area of the walls: 100 cm#super[2], 100 m#super[2], or 100 km#super[2]? #solutionbox[ An area of 100 cm#super[2] is equivalent to a surface of #math.equation(block: false, alt: "10 cm times 10 cm ,")[$10 #h(0.28em) "cm" #h(0.28em) × 10 #h(0.28em) "cm" ,$] which is much too small for the walls of a bedroom. An area of 100 km#super[2] is equivalent to a surface of #math.equation(block: false, alt: "10 km times 10 km ,")[$10 #h(0.28em) "km" #h(0.28em) × 10 #h(0.28em) "km" ,$] which is much too large for the walls of a bedroom. So, a reasonable value for the area of the walls is 100 m#super[2]. ] ] #examplebox("Example 3")[Explaining Reasonable Values for Area][ A landscaper is hired to resod a school’s football field. After measuring the length and width of the field they determine that the area of the football field is 5,350 km#super[2]. Does their calculation make sense? Explain your answer. #solutionbox[ No, kilometers are used to determine longer distances, such as the distance between two points when driving. A football field is less than 1 kilometer long, so a more reasonable unit of value would be m#super[2]. An area of 5,350 km#super[2] can be calculated using the dimensions 53.5 by 100, which are reasonable dimensions for the length and width of a football field. So, a more reasonable value for the area of the football field is 5,350 m#super[2]. ] ] === Converting Units of Measures for Area Just like converting units of measure for distance, you can convert units of measure for area. However, the conversion factor, or the number used to multiply or divide to convert from one area unit to another, is not the same as the conversion factor for metric distance units. Recall that the conversion factor for area is exponentially relative to the conversion factor for distance. The most frequently used conversion factors are shown. #figure(figph[An illustration shows four units: millimeter squared, centimeter squared, meter squared, and kilometer squared.], alt: "An illustration shows four units: millimeter squared, centimeter squared, meter squared, and kilometer squared.", caption: [Common Conversion Factors for Metric Area Units]) #notebox("Video", rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[ #link("https://openstax.org/r/Metric_Units_of_Area")[Converting Metric Units of Area] ] #examplebox("Example 4")[Converting Units of Measure for Area Using Division][ A plot of land has an area of 237,500,000 m#super[2]. What is the area in square kilometers? #solutionbox[ Use division to convert from a smaller metric area unit to a larger metric area unit. To convert from m#super[2] to km#super[2], divide the value of the area by 1,000,000. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "the fraction 237,500,000 over 1,000,000 equals 237.5")[$frac(237","500","000 #h(0.28em), 1","000","000) = 237.5$] The plot of land has an area of 237.5 km#super[2]. ] ] #examplebox("Example 5")[Converting Units of Measure for Area Using Multiplication][ A plot of land has an area of 0.004046 km#super[2]. What is the area of the land in square meters? #solutionbox[ Use multiplication to convert from a larger metric area unit to a smaller metric area unit. To convert from km#super[2] to m#super[2], multiply the value of the area by 1,000,000. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "0.004046 times 1,000,000 equals 4,046")[$0.004046 × 1,000,000 = 4,046$] The plot of land has an area of 4,046 m#super[2]. ] ] #examplebox("Example 6")[Determining Area by Converting Units of Measure for Length First][ A computer chip measures 10 mm by 15 mm. How many square centimeters is the computer chip? #solutionbox[ #strong[Step 1:] Convert the measures of the computer chip into centimeters #math.equation(block: true, alt: "10 mm, equals, 1 cm; 15 mm, equals, 1.5 cm")[$10 #h(0.28em) "mm" & = & 1 #h(0.28em) "cm" \ 15 #h(0.28em) "mm" & = & 1.5 #h(0.28em) "cm"$] #strong[Step 2:] Use the area formula to determine the area of the chip. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "1 times 1.5 equals 1.5")[$1 × 1.5 = 1.5$] The computer chip has an area of #math.equation(block: false, alt: "1.5")[$1.5$] #math.equation(block: false, alt: "cm squared")[$"cm"^("2")$]. ] ] === Solving Application Problems Involving Area While it may seem that solving area problems is as simple as multiplying two numbers, often determining area requires more complex calculations. For example, when measuring the area of surfaces, you may need to account for portions of the surface that are not relevant to your calculation. #examplebox("Example 7")[Solving for the Area of Complex Surfaces][ One side of a commercial building is 12 meters long by 9 meters high. There is a rolling door on this side of the building that is 4 meters wide by 3 meters high. You want to refinish the side of the building, but not the door, with aluminum siding. How many square meters of aluminum siding are required to cover this side of the building? #solutionbox[ #strong[Step 1:] Determine the area of the side of the building. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "12 ⁢ m times 9 ⁢ m equals 106 ⁢ m squared")[$12 upright(m) × 9 upright(m) = 106 upright(m)^(2)$] #strong[Step 2:] Determine the area of the door. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "4 ⁢ m times 3 ⁢ m equals 12 ⁢ m squared")[$4 upright(m) × 3 upright(m) = 12 upright(m)^(2)$] #strong[Step 3:] Subtract the area of the door from the area of the side of the building. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "106 ⁢ m squared minus 12 ⁢ m squared equals 92 ⁢ m squared")[$106 upright(m)^(2) − 12 upright(m)^(2) = 92 upright(m)^(2)$] So, you need to purchase #math.equation(block: false, alt: "92 ⁢ m squared")[$92 upright(m)^(2)$] of aluminum siding. ] ] When calculating area, you must ensure that both distance measurements are expressed in terms of the same distance units. Sometimes you must convert one measurement before using the area formula. #examplebox("Example 8")[Solving for Area with Distance Measurements of Different Units][ A national park has a land area in the shape of a rectangle. The park measures 2.2 kilometers long by 1,250 meters wide. What is the area of the park in square kilometers? #solutionbox[ #strong[Step 1:] Use a conversion fraction to convert the information given in meters to kilometers. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "1,250 ⁢ m times the fraction 1 ⁢ km over 1,000 ⁢ m equals 1.25 ⁢ km")[$1,250 upright(m) × frac(1 "km", 1","000 upright(m)) = 1.25 "km"$] #strong[Step 2:] Multiply to find the area. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "2.2 ⁢ km times 1.25 ⁢ km equals 2.75 ⁢ km squared")[$2.2 "km" × 1.25 "km" = 2.75 "km"^(2)$] The park has an area of 2.75 km#super[2]. ] ] When calculating area, you may need to use multiple steps, such as converting units and subtracting areas that are not relevant. #examplebox("Example 9")[Solving for Area Using Multiple Steps][ A kitchen floor has an area of 15 m#super[2]. The floor in the kitchen pantry is 100 cm by 200 cm. You want to tile the kitchen and pantry floors using the same tile. How many square meters of tile do you need to buy? #solutionbox[ #strong[Step 1:] Determine the area of the pantry floor in square centimeters. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "100 ⁢ cm times 200 ⁢ cm equals 20,000 ⁢ cm squared")[$100 "cm" × 200 "cm" = 20,000 "cm"^(2)$] #strong[Step 2:] Divide the area in cm#super[2] by the conversion factor to determine the area in m#super[2] since the other measurement for the kitchen floor is in m#super[2]. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "the fraction 20,000 over 10,000 equals 2")[$frac(20","000, 10","000) = 2$] The area of the kitchen pantry floor is 2 m#super[2]. #strong[Step 3:] Add the two areas of the pantry and the kitchen floors together. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "15 ⁢ m squared plus 2 ⁢ m squared equals 17 ⁢ m squared")[$15 upright(m)^(2) + 2 upright(m)^(2) = 17 upright(m)^(2)$] So, you need to buy 17 m#super[2] of tile. ] ] #notebox("Who Knew?", rgb("#183B6F"), rgb("#183B6F"), rgb("#EFF1F5"))[ #emph[The Origin of the Metric System] The metric system is the official measurement system for every country in the world except the United States, Liberia, and Myanmar. But did you know it originated in France during the French Revolution in the late 18th century? At the time there were over 250,000 different units of weights and measures in use, often determined by local customs and economies. For example, land was often measured in days, referring to the amount of land a person could work in a day. ] #notebox("Video", rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[ #link("https://openstax.org/r/Metric_System_Matters")[Why the Metric System Matters] ] === Key Terms - area - square units === Key Concepts - Area describes the size of a two-dimensional surface. It is the amount of space contained within the lines of a two-dimensional space. - Area is measured in square meters units; in the metric system the base unit for area is square meters (#math.equation(block: false, alt: "m squared")[$"m"^(2)$]). === Videos - #link("https://openstax.org/r/Metric_Units_of_Area")[Converting Metric Units of Area] - #link("https://openstax.org/r/Metric_System_Matters")[Why the Metric System Matters] === Formulas To determine the area of rectangular-shaped objects: #math.equation(block: true, alt: "Area equals length open parenthesis l close parenthesis times width open parenthesis w close parenthesis")[$"Area" = "length " ( l ) × "width " ( w )$] #math.equation(block: true, alt: "or; A equals l times w")[$"or" \ A = l × w$] #figure( stdfig([#cetz.canvas({ import cetz.draw: * line((20.00pt, 20.00pt), (180.00pt, 20.00pt), (180.00pt, 100.00pt), (20.00pt, 100.00pt), close: true, fill: none, stroke: 0.7pt + black) content((100.00pt, 11.00pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 9pt)[length]) content((11.00pt, 60.00pt), anchor: "east", text(size: 9pt)[width]) })]), alt: "A rectangle with its longest side marked the length and the shortest side marked the width.", caption: [Rectangle with Length #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis l close parenthesis")[$( l )$] and Width #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis w close parenthesis")[$( w )$] Labeled], ) You can convert between metric area units using the conversion factors shown.