#set document(title: "5.9 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables", author: "OpenStax / XYZ Homework") #set page(width: 8.5in, height: auto, margin: 1in) #import "@preview/cetz:0.5.2" #set text(font: ("STIX Two Text", "Libertinus Serif", "New Computer Modern"), size: 10.5pt, lang: "en") #show math.equation: set text(font: ("STIX Two Math", "New Computer Modern Math")) #set par(justify: true, leading: 0.62em, spacing: 0.9em) #set enum(spacing: 1.1em) // room between list items so tall inline fractions don't collide #set list(spacing: 1.1em) #set table(stroke: 0.5pt + rgb("#c7ccd3")) #let BLUE = rgb("#183B6F") // brand navy — section bars + example/solution labels (white on navy 11.09:1) #let ORANGE = rgb("#A94509") // brand primary-700 — AA-safe deep orange for TEXT (5.93:1 on white; raw brand #F37021 is 2.94:1 and must never carry text) #let RED = rgb("#DC2626") // brand error-600 #let GREEN = rgb("#059669") // brand success-600 (decoration only; small green text uses green-text #007942) #show heading.where(level: 1): it => block(width: 100%, above: 0pt, below: 16pt, fill: gradient.linear(BLUE, rgb("#2C5AA0")), inset: (x: 14pt, y: 12pt), radius: 3pt, text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 19pt, it.body)) #show heading.where(level: 2): it => block(width: 100%, above: 18pt, below: 10pt, fill: BLUE, inset: (x: 10pt, y: 6pt), radius: 2pt, text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 12pt, it.body)) #show heading.where(level: 3): it => text(fill: ORANGE, weight: "bold", size: 12.5pt, it.body) #show heading.where(level: 4): it => text(fill: BLUE, weight: "bold", size: 10.5pt, it.body) #let examplebox(label, title, body) = block(width: 100%, breakable: true, fill: rgb("#EFF1F5"), stroke: 0.5pt + rgb("#CFDDF0"), radius: 4pt, inset: 10pt, above: 12pt, below: 12pt)[ #block(below: 6pt)[#box(fill: BLUE, inset: (x: 6pt, y: 2pt), radius: 2pt, text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 8.5pt, label)) #h(0.4em) #strong[#title]] #body] // rail = decorative left rule (raw brand token); labelcolor = AA-safe label text shade #let notebox(label, rail, labelcolor, tint, body) = block(width: 100%, breakable: true, fill: tint, stroke: (left: 3pt + rail), inset: (left: 10pt, rest: 8pt), radius: (right: 4pt), above: 11pt, below: 11pt)[ #text(fill: labelcolor, weight: "bold", size: 7.5pt, tracking: 0.5pt)[#upper(label)] #linebreak() #body] #let solutionbox(body) = block(above: 4pt, below: 8pt)[ #text(fill: BLUE, weight: "bold", size: 8.5pt)[Solution] #linebreak() #body] #let figph(msg) = block(width: 100%, height: 60pt, fill: rgb("#f6f7f9"), stroke: (paint: rgb("#c7ccd3"), dash: "dashed"), radius: 4pt, inset: 10pt)[ #align(center + horizon, text(fill: rgb("#889"), style: "italic", size: 9pt, msg))] // Standardize inlined figure sizes: measure the natural CeTZ canvas, then scale to a // consistent envelope (aspect-aware; see build_typst.py FIG_* constants). Unlike the // print preamble, dimensions are FLOORED: in an editor a user can trim a figure to a // degenerate 1-D shape (a bare line), and w/h or tw/w would then divide by zero. #let _STD_W = 3.5 #let _WIDE_W = 5.6 #let _MAX_H = 3.4 #let _ASPECT_WIDE = 2.2 #let _UPSCALE_MAX = 1.15 #let stdfig(body) = context { let m = measure(body) let w = calc.max(m.width / 1in, 0.01) let h = calc.max(m.height / 1in, 0.01) let tw = if w / h > _ASPECT_WIDE { _WIDE_W } else { _STD_W } let s = calc.min(tw / w, _MAX_H / h, _UPSCALE_MAX) align(center, box(scale(x: s * 100%, y: s * 100%, reflow: true, body))) } #show figure: set block(breakable: false) #set figure(gap: 8pt) #show figure.caption: set text(size: 8.5pt, fill: rgb("#555")) == 5.9#h(0.6em)Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables #figure(figph[Baskets of vegetables are displayed at a farmers' market.], alt: "Baskets of vegetables are displayed at a farmers' market.", caption: [Fruits and vegetables at a farmer’s market.]) === Learning Objectives #strong[After completing this section, you should be able to:] + Determine and show whether an ordered pair is a solution to a system of equations. + Solve systems of linear equations using graphical methods. + Solve systems of linear equations using substitution. + Solve systems of linear equations using elimination. + Identify systems with no solution or infinitely many solutions. + Solve applications of systems of linear equations. In this section, we will learn how to solve systems of linear equations in two variables. There are several real-world scenarios that can be represented by systems of linear equalities. Suppose two friends, Andrea and Bart, go shopping at a farmers market to buy some vegetables. Andrea buys 2 tomatoes and 4 cucumbers and spends \$2.00. Bart buys 4 tomatoes and 5 cucumbers and spends \$2.95. What is the price of each vegetable? === Determining If an Ordered Pair Is a Solution to a System of Equations When we solved linear equations in Linear Equations in One Variable with Applications and Linear Inequalities in One Variable with Applications, we learned how to solve linear equations with one variable. Now we will work with two or more linear equations grouped together, which is known as a #strong[system of linear equations]. In this section, we will focus our work on systems of two linear equations in two unknowns (variables) and applications of systems of linear equations. An example of a system of two linear equations is shown below. We use a brace to show the two equations are grouped together to form a system of equations. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ 2 x plus y equals 7; x minus 2 y equals 6")[$\{ 2 x + y = 7 \ x − 2 y = 6$] A linear equation in two variables, such as #math.equation(block: false, alt: "2 x plus y equals 7")[$2 x + y = 7$], has an infinite number of solutions. Its graph is a line. Remember, every point on the line is a solution to the equation and every solution to the equation is a point on the line. To solve a system of two linear equations, we want to find the values of the variables that are solutions to both equations. In other words, we are looking for the ordered pairs (#math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$], #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]) that make both equations true. These are called the #strong[solutions of a system of equations]. To determine if an ordered pair is a solution to a system of two equations, we substitute the values of the variables into each equation. If the ordered pair makes both equations true, it is a solution to the system. #examplebox("Example 1")[Determining Whether an Ordered Pair Is a Solution to the System][ Determine whether the ordered pair is a solution to the system. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ x minus y, equals, minus 1; 2 x minus y, equals, minus 5")[$\{ x − y & = & − 1 \ 2 x − y & = & − 5$] + #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis minus 2 , minus 1 close parenthesis")[$( − 2 , − 1 )$] + #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis minus 4 , minus 3 close parenthesis")[$( − 4 , − 3 )$] #solutionbox[ + #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ x minus y, equals, minus 1; 2 x minus y, equals, minus 5")[$\{ x − y & = & − 1 \ 2 x − y & = & − 5$] We substitute #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x equals minus 2")[$x = − 2$] and #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y equals minus 1")[$y = − 1$] into both equations. #linebreak() #math.equation(block: true, alt: "x minus y equals minus 1 ; minus 2 minus open parenthesis minus 1 close parenthesis equals ? minus 1 ; minus 1 equals minus 1 ✓ 2 x minus y equals minus 5; 2 open parenthesis minus 2 close parenthesis minus open parenthesis minus 1 close parenthesis equals ? minus 5; minus 3 not equal to minus 5")[$x − y = − 1 #h(0.7em) \ − 2 − ( − 1 ) limits(=)^(?) − 1 #h(0.7em) \ − 1 = − 1 ✓ #h(1em) 2 x − y = − 5 \ 2 ( − 2 ) − ( − 1 ) limits(=)^(?) − 5 \ − 3 ≠ − 5$] #linebreak() #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis minus 2 , minus 1 close parenthesis")[$( − 2 , − 1 )$] does not make both equations true. #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis minus 2 , minus 1 close parenthesis")[$( − 2 , − 1 )$] is not a solution. + We substitute #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x equals minus 4")[$x = − 4$] and #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y equals minus 3")[$y = − 3$] into both equations. #linebreak() #math.equation(block: true, alt: "x minus y equals minus 1 ; minus 4 minus open parenthesis minus 3 close parenthesis equals ? minus 1 ; minus 1 equals minus 1 ✓ 2 x minus y equals minus 5 ; 2 times open parenthesis minus 4 close parenthesis minus open parenthesis minus 3 close parenthesis equals ? minus 5 ; minus 5 equals minus 5 ✓")[$x − y = − 1 #h(0.8em) \ − 4 − ( − 3 ) limits(=)^(?) − 1 #h(0.8em) \ − 1 = − 1 ✓ #h(1em) 2 x − y = − 5 #h(0.8em) \ 2 ⋅ ( − 4 ) − ( − 3 ) limits(=)^(?) − 5 #h(0.8em) \ − 5 = − 5 ✓$] #linebreak() #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis minus 4 , minus 3 close parenthesis")[$( − 4 , − 3 )$] makes both equations true. #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis minus 4 , minus 3 close parenthesis")[$( − 4 , − 3 )$] is a solution. ] ] #examplebox("Example 2")[Determining Whether an Ordered Pair Is a Solution to the System][ Determine whether the ordered pair is a solution to the system #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ y, equals, the fraction 3 over 2 x plus 1; 2 x minus 3 y, equals, 7")[$\{ y & = & frac(3, 2) x + 1 \ 2 x − 3 y & = & 7$] + #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis minus 4 , minus 5 close parenthesis")[$( − 4 , − 5 )$] + #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis minus 4 , 5 close parenthesis")[$( − 4 , 5 )$] #solutionbox[ + #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ y, equals, the fraction 3 over 2 x plus 1; 2 x minus 3 y, equals, 7")[$\{ y & = & frac(3, 2) x + 1 \ 2 x − 3 y & = & 7$] Substitute #math.equation(block: false, alt: "minus 4")[$− 4$] for #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$] and #math.equation(block: false, alt: "minus 5")[$− 5$] for #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$] into both equations. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "minus 5 equals ? the fraction 3 over 2 open parenthesis minus 4 close parenthesis plus 1; minus 5 equals ? 3 open parenthesis minus 2 close parenthesis plus 1; minus 5 equals ? minus 6 plus 1; minus 5 equals minus 5 ✓, 2 open parenthesis minus 4 close parenthesis minus 3 open parenthesis minus 5 close parenthesis equals ? 7; open parenthesis minus 8 close parenthesis minus open parenthesis minus 15 close parenthesis equals ? 7; minus 8 plus 15 equals ? 7; 7 equals 7 ✓")[$− 5 limits(=)^(?) frac(3, 2) ( − 4 ) + 1 \ − 5 limits(=)^(?) 3 ( − 2 ) + 1 \ − 5 limits(=)^(?) − 6 + 1 \ − 5 = − 5 ✓ & 2 ( − 4 ) − 3 ( − 5 ) limits(=)^(?) 7 \ ( − 8 ) − ( − 15 ) limits(=)^(?) 7 \ − 8 + 15 limits(=)^(?) 7 \ 7 = 7 ✓$] #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis minus 4 , minus 5 close parenthesis")[$( − 4 , − 5 )$] is a solution. + #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ y, equals, the fraction 3 over 2 x plus 1; 2 x minus 3 y, equals, 7")[$\{ y & = & frac(3, 2) x + 1 \ 2 x − 3 y & = & 7$] Substitute #math.equation(block: false, alt: "minus 4")[$− 4$] for #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$] and #math.equation(block: false, alt: "5")[$5$] for #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$] into both equations. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "5 equals ? the fraction 3 over 2 open parenthesis minus 4 close parenthesis plus 1; 5 equals ? 3 open parenthesis minus 2 close parenthesis plus 1; 5 equals ? minus 6 plus 1; 5 not equal to minus 5 2 open parenthesis minus 4 close parenthesis minus 3 open parenthesis 5 close parenthesis equals ? 7; open parenthesis minus 8 close parenthesis minus open parenthesis 15 close parenthesis equals ? 7; minus 8 minus 15 equals ? 7; minus 23 not equal to 7")[$5 limits(=)^(?) frac(3, 2) ( − 4 ) + 1 \ 5 limits(=)^(?) 3 ( − 2 ) + 1 \ 5 limits(=)^(?) − 6 + 1 \ 5 ≠ − 5 #h(1em) 2 ( − 4 ) − 3 ( 5 ) limits(=)^(?) 7 \ ( − 8 ) − ( 15 ) limits(=)^(?) 7 \ − 8 − 15 limits(=)^(?) 7 \ − 23 ≠ 7$] #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis minus 4 , 5 close parenthesis")[$( − 4 , 5 )$] is not a solution. ] ] === Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Graphical Methods We will use three methods to solve a system of linear equations. The first method we will use is graphing. The graph of a linear equation is a line. Each point on the line is a solution to the equation. For a system of two equations, we will graph two lines. Then we can see all the points that are solutions to each equation. And, by finding what points the lines have in common, we will find the solution to the system. Most linear equations in one variable have one solution; but for some equations called #strong[contradictions], there are no solutions, and for other equations called #strong[identities], all numbers are solutions. 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The first coordinate plane shows one line passing through the points, (0, 7) and (3.5, 0) and a second line passing through the points, (0, negative 3) and (6, 0). The two lines intersect at the point (4, negative 1). Text reads, The lines intersect. Intersecting line shave one point in common. There is one solution to this system. The second coordinate plane shows one line passing through the points, (negative 8, 0) and (0, 3) and a second line passing through the points, (0, negative 2) and (5, 0). The lines do not intersect. Text reads, The lines are parallel. Parallel lines have no points in common. There is no solution to this system. The third coordinate plane shows a line passing through the points, (0, negative 3) and (1.5, 0). Text reads, Both equations give the same line. Because we have just one line, there are infinitely many solutions.", caption: none, ) Each time we demonstrate a new method, we will use it on the same system of linear equations. At the end you will decide which method was the most convenient way to solve this system. The steps to use to solve a system of linear equations by graphing are shown here. #strong[Step 1:] Graph the first equation. #strong[Step 2:] Graph the second equation on the same rectangular coordinate system. #strong[Step 3:] Determine whether the lines intersect, are parallel, or are the same line. #strong[Step 4:] Identify the solution to the system. If the lines intersect, identify the point of intersection. This is the solution to the system. If the lines are parallel, the system has no solution. If the lines are the same, the system has an infinite number of solutions. #strong[Step 5:] Check the solution in both equations. #examplebox("Example 3")[Solving a System of Linear Equations by Graphing][ Solve this system of linear equations by graphing. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ 2 x plus y equals 7; x minus 2 y equals 6")[$\{ 2 x + y = 7 \ x − 2 y = 6$] #solutionbox[ #figure(table( columns: 3, align: left, inset: 6pt, table.header([#strong[Step 1:] Graph the first equation.], [To graph the first line, write the equation in slope-intercept form. #math.equation(block: false, alt: "2 x plus y, equals, 7; y, equals, minus 2 x plus 7; m equals minus 2 b equals 7")[$#h(1em) 2 bold(italic(x)) + bold(italic(y)) & = & 7 \ y & = & − 2 x + 7 \ m = − 2 #h(2em) b = 7$]], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "{ 2 x plus y equals 7; x minus 2 y equals 6")[$\{ 2 x + y = 7 \ x − 2 y = 6$]]), [#strong[Step 2:] Graph the second equation on the same rectangular coordinate system.], [To graph the second line, use intercepts. #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x minus 2 y equals 6; open parenthesis 0 , minus 3 close parenthesis open parenthesis 6 , 0 close parenthesis")[$bold(italic(x)) − 2 bold(italic(y)) = 6 \ ( 0 , − 3 ) #h(1em) ( 6 , 0 )$]], [], [#strong[Step 3:] Determine whether the lines intersect, are parallel, or are the same line.], [Look at the graph of the lines.], [The lines intersect.], [#strong[Step 4 and Step 5:] Identify the solution to the system. If the lines intersect, identify the point of intersection. Check to make sure it is a solution to both equations. This is the solution to the system. If the lines are parallel, the system has no solution. If the lines are the same, the system has an infinite number of solutions.], [Since the lines intersect, find the point of intersection. Check the point in both equations.], [The lines intersect at #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis 4 , minus 1 close parenthesis")[$( 4 , − 1 )$]. #math.equation(block: false, alt: "2 x plus y, equals, 7; 2 open parenthesis 4 close parenthesis plus open parenthesis minus 1 close parenthesis, equals ?, 7; 8 minus 1, equals ?, 7; 7, equals, 7 ✓; x minus 2 y, equals, 6; 4 minus 2 open parenthesis minus 1 close parenthesis, equals ?, 6; 6, equals, 6 ✓")[$2 x + y & = & 7 \ 2 ( 4 ) + ( − 1 ) & limits(=)^(?) & 7 \ 8 − 1 & limits(=)^(?) & 7 \ 7 & = & 7 ✓ \ & & \ x − 2 y & = & 6 \ 4 − 2 ( − 1 ) & limits(=)^(?) & 6 \ 6 & = & 6 ✓$] The solution is #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis 4 , minus 1 close parenthesis")[$( 4 , − 1 )$].], )) ] ] === Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Substitution We will now solve systems of linear equations by the substitution method. We will use the same system we used for graphing. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ 2 x plus y equals 7; x minus 2 y equals 6")[$\{ 2 x + y = 7 \ x − 2 y = 6$] We will first solve one of the equations for either #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$] or #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]. We can choose either equation and solve for either variable—but we’ll try to make a choice that will keep the work easy. Then, we substitute that expression into the other equation. The result is an equation with just one variable—and we know how to solve those! After we find the value of one variable, we will substitute that value into one of the original equations and solve for the other variable. Finally, we check our solution and make sure it makes both equations true. This process is summarized here: #strong[Step 1:] Solve one of the equations for either variable. #strong[Step 2:] Substitute the expression from Step 1 into the other equation. #strong[Step 3:] Solve the resulting equation. #strong[Step 4:] Substitute the solution in Step 3 into either of the original equations to find the other variable. #strong[Step 5:] Write the solution as an ordered pair. #strong[Step 6:] Check that the ordered pair is a solution to both original equations. #examplebox("Example 4")[Solving a System of Linear Equations Using Substitution][ Solve this system of linear equations by substitution: #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ 2 x plus y equals 7; x minus 2 y equals 6")[$\{ 2 x + y = 7 \ x − 2 y = 6$] #solutionbox[ #figure(table( columns: 3, align: left, inset: 6pt, table.header([#strong[Step 1:] Solve one of the equations for either variable.], [We’ll solve the first equation for #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$].], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "{ 2 x plus y equals 7; x minus 2 y equals 6; 2 x plus y, equals, 7; y, equals, 7 minus 2 x")[$\{ 2 x + y = 7 \ x − 2 y = 6 \ 2 x + y & = & 7 \ y & = & 7 − 2 bold(italic(x))$]]), [#strong[Step 2:] Substitute the expression from Step 1 into the other equation.], [We replace #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$] in the second equation with the expression #math.equation(block: false, alt: "7 minus 2 x")[$7 − 2 x$].], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "x minus 2 y equals 6; x minus 2 open parenthesis 7 minus 2 x close parenthesis equals 6")[$x − 2 y = 6 \ x − 2 ( 7 − 2 bold(italic(x)) ) = 6$]], [#strong[Step 3:] Solve the resulting equation.], [Now we have an equation with just 1 variable. We know how to solve this!], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "x minus 2 open parenthesis 7 minus 2 x close parenthesis, equals, 6; x minus 14 plus 4 x, equals, 6; 5 x, equals, 20; x, equals, 4")[$x − 2 ( 7 − 2 x ) & = & 6 \ x − 14 + 4 x & = & 6 \ 5 x & = & 20 \ x & = & 4$]], [#strong[Step 4:] Substitute the solution from Step 3 into one of the original equations to find the other variable.], [We’ll use the first equation and replace #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$] with 4.], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "2 x plus y, equals, 7; 2 open parenthesis 4 close parenthesis plus y, equals, 7; 8 plus y, equals, 7; y, equals, minus 1")[$2 x + y & = & 7 \ 2 ( 4 ) + y & = & 7 \ 8 + y & = & 7 \ y & = & − 1$]], [#strong[Step 5:] Write the solution as an ordered pair.], [The ordered pair is (#math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$], #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]).], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis 4 , minus 1 close parenthesis")[$( 4 , − 1 )$]], [#strong[Step 6:] Check that the ordered pair is a solution to #strong[both] original equations.], [Substitute #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x equals 4")[$x = 4$], #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y equals minus 1")[$y = − 1$] into both equations and make sure they are both true.], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "2 x plus y, equals, 7; 2 open parenthesis 4 close parenthesis plus open parenthesis minus 1 close parenthesis, equals ?, 7; 7, equals, 7 ✓, x minus 2 y, equals, 6; 4 minus 2 open parenthesis minus 1 close parenthesis, equals ?, 6; 6, equals, 6 ✓")[$2 x + y & = & 7 \ 2 ( 4 ) + ( − 1 ) & limits(=)^(?) & 7 \ 7 & = & 7 ✓ & x − 2 y & = & 6 \ 4 − 2 ( − 1 ) & limits(=)^(?) & 6 \ 6 & = & 6 ✓$] Both equations are true. #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis 4 , minus 1 close parenthesis")[$( 4 , − 1 )$] is the solution to the system.], )) ] ] === Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Elimination We have solved systems of linear equations by graphing and by substitution. Graphing works well when the variable coefficients are small, and the solution has integer values. Substitution works well when we can easily solve one equation for one of the variables and not have too many fractions in the resulting expression. The third method of solving systems of linear equations is called the elimination method. When we solved a system by substitution, we started with two equations and two variables and reduced it to one equation with one variable. This is what we’ll do with the elimination method, too, but we’ll have a different way to get there. The elimination method is based on the Addition Property of Equality. The Addition Property of Equality says that when you add the same quantity to both sides of an equation, you still have equality. We will extend the Addition Property of Equality to say that when you add equal quantities to both sides of an equation, the results are equal. For any expressions #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a")[$a$], #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b")[$b$], #math.equation(block: false, alt: "c")[$c$], and #math.equation(block: false, alt: "d")[$d$]: if #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a equals b")[$a = b$] and #math.equation(block: false, alt: "c equals d")[$c = d$] then #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a plus c equals b plus d")[$a + c = b + d$]. To solve a system of equations by elimination, we start with both equations in standard form. Then we decide which variable will be easiest to eliminate. How do we decide? We want to have the coefficients of one variable be opposites, so that we can add the equations together and eliminate that variable. Notice how that works when we add these two equations together: #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ 3 x plus y equals 5; 2 x minus y equals 0 _; 5 x equals 5")[$\{ 3 x + y = 5 \ underline(2 x − y = 0) \ 5 x #h(1.6em) = 5 #h(0.2em)$] The #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]’s add to zero and we have one equation with one variable. Let us try another one: #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ x plus 4 y equals minus 2; 2 x plus 5 y equals minus 2")[$\{ x + 4 y = − 2 \ 2 x + 5 y = − 2$] This time we do not see a variable that can be immediately eliminated if we add the equations. But if we multiply the first equation by #math.equation(block: false, alt: "minus 2")[$− 2$], we will make the coefficients of #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$] opposites. We must multiply every term on both sides of the equation by #math.equation(block: false, alt: "minus 2")[$− 2$]. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ minus 2 open parenthesis x plus 4 y close parenthesis, equals, minus 2 open parenthesis –2 close parenthesis; 2 x plus 5 y, equals, minus 2")[$\{ − 2 ( x + 4 y ) & = & − 2 ( –2 ) \ 2 x + 5 y & = & − 2$] Then rewrite the system of equations. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ minus 2 x minus 8 y, equals, 4; 2 x plus 5 y, equals, minus 2")[$\{ − 2 x − 8 y & = & 4 \ 2 x + 5 y & = & − 2$] Now we see that the coefficients of the #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$] terms are opposites, so #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$] will be eliminated when we add these two equations. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ minus 2 x minus 8 y equals 4; 2 x plus 5 y equals minus 2 _; minus 3 y equals 2")[$\{ − 2 x − 8 y = 4 \ underline(2 x + 5 y = − 2 #h(0.1em)) \ − 3 y = 2 #h(0.28em)$] Once we get an equation with just one variable, we solve it. Then we substitute that value into one of the original equations to solve for the remaining variable. And, as always, we check our answer to make sure it is a solution to both of the original equations. Here’s a summary of using the elimination method: #strong[Step 1:] Write both equations in standard form. If any coefficients are fractions, clear them. #strong[Step 2:] Make the coefficients of one variable opposites. Decide which variable you will eliminate. Multiply one or both equations so that the coefficients of that variable are opposites. #strong[Step 3:] Add the equations resulting from Step 2 to eliminate one variable. #strong[Step 4:] Solve for the remaining variable. #strong[Step 5:] Substitute the solution from Step 4 into one of the original equations. Then solve for the other variable. #strong[Step 6:] Write the solution as an ordered pair. #strong[Step 7:] Check that the ordered pair is a solution to both original equations. #examplebox("Example 5")[Solving a System of Linear Equations Using Elimination][ Solve this system of linear equations by elimination: #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ 2 x plus y equals 7; x minus 2 y equals 6")[$\{ 2 x + y = 7 \ x − 2 y = 6$] #solutionbox[ #figure(table( columns: 3, align: left, inset: 6pt, table.header([#strong[Step 1:] Write both equations in standard form. If any coefficients are fractions, clear them.], [Both equations are in standard form, #math.equation(block: false, alt: "A x plus B y equals C")[$A x + B y = C$]. There are no fractions.], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "{ 2 x plus y equals 7; x minus 2 y equals 6")[$\{ 2 x + y = 7 \ x − 2 y = 6$]]), [#strong[Step 2:] Make the coefficients of one variable opposites. Decide which variable you will eliminate. Multiply one or both equations so that the coefficients of that variable are opposites.], [We can eliminate the #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]’s by multiplying the first equation by 2. Multiply both sides of #math.equation(block: false, alt: "2 x plus y equals 7")[$2 x + y = 7$] by 2.], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "{ 2 x plus y equals 7; x minus 2 y equals 6")[$\{ 2 x + bold(italic(y)) = 7 \ x − 2 bold(italic(y)) = 6$] #math.equation(block: false, alt: "{ 2 open parenthesis 2 x plus y close parenthesis, equals, 2 open parenthesis 7 close parenthesis; x minus 2 y, equals, 6")[$\{ 2 ( 2 x + y ) & = & 2 ( 7 ) \ x − 2 y & = & 6$]], [#strong[Step 3:] Add the equations resulting from Step 2 to eliminate one variable.], [We add the #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$]’s, #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]’s, and constants.], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "{ 4 x plus 2 y equals 14; x minus 2 y equals 6 _; 5 x equals 20")[$\{ 4 x + 2 y = 14 \ underline(x − 2 y = 6 #h(0.6em)) \ 5 x #h(2.2em) = 20 #h(0.28em)$]], [#strong[Step 4:] Solve for the remaining variable.], [Solve for #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$].], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "x equals 4")[$x = 4$]], [#strong[Step 5:] Substitute the solution from Step 4 into one of the original equations. Then solve for the other variable.], [Substitute #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x equals 4")[$x = 4$] into the second equation, #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x minus 2 y equals 6")[$x − 2 y = 6$]. Then solve for #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$].], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "x minus 2 y, equals, 6; 4 minus 2 y, equals, 6; minus 2 y, equals, 2; y, equals, minus 1")[$x − 2 y & = & 6 \ 4 − 2 y & = & 6 \ − 2 y & = & 2 \ y & = & − 1$]], [#strong[Step 6:] Write the solution as an ordered pair.], [Write it as #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis x , y close parenthesis")[$( x , y )$].], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis 4 , minus 1 close parenthesis")[$( 4 , − 1 )$]], [#strong[Step 7:] Check that the ordered pair is a solution to #strong[both] original equations.], [Substitute #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x equals 4")[$x = 4$], #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y equals minus 1")[$y = − 1$] into #math.equation(block: false, alt: "2 x plus y equals 7")[$2 x + y = 7$] and #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x minus 2 y equals 6")[$x − 2 y = 6$]. Do they make both equations true? Yes!], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "2 x plus y, equals, 7; 2 open parenthesis 4 close parenthesis plus open parenthesis minus 1 close parenthesis, equals ?, 7; 7, equals, 7 ✓, x minus 2 y, equals, 6; 4 minus 2 open parenthesis minus 1 close parenthesis, equals ?, 6; 6, equals, 6 ✓")[$2 x + y & = & 7 \ 2 ( 4 ) + ( − 1 ) & limits(=)^(?) & 7 \ 7 & = & 7 ✓ & x − 2 y & = & 6 \ 4 − 2 ( − 1 ) & limits(=)^(?) & 6 \ 6 & = & 6 ✓$] The solution is #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis 4 , minus 1 close parenthesis")[$( 4 , − 1 )$].], )) ] ] === Identifying Systems with No Solution or Infinitely Many Solutions In all the systems of linear equations so far, the lines intersected, and the solution was one point. In Example 6 and Example 7, we will look at a system of equations that has no solution and at a system of equations that has an infinite number of solutions. #examplebox("Example 6")[Solving a System of Linear Equations with No Solution][ Solve the system by a method of your choice: #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ y, equals, the fraction 1 over 2 x minus 3; x minus 2 y, equals, 4")[$\{ y & = & frac(1, 2) x − 3 \ x − 2 y & = & 4$] #solutionbox[ Let us solve the system of linear equations by graphing. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ y, equals, the fraction 1 over 2 x minus 3; x minus 2 y, equals, 4")[$\{ y & = & frac(1, 2) x − 3 \ x − 2 y & = & 4$] To graph the first equation, we will use its slope and #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]-intercept. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "y, equals, the fraction 1 over 2 x minus 3; m, equals, the fraction 1 over 2; b, equals, minus 3")[$bold(italic(y)) & = & frac(1, 2) bold(italic(x)) − 3 \ m & = & frac(1, 2) \ b & = & − 3$] To graph the second equation, we will use the intercepts. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "x minus 2 y equals 4")[$bold(italic(x)) − 2 bold(italic(y)) = 4$] #figure(table( columns: 2, align: left, inset: 6pt, table.header([#math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$]], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]]), [0], [−2], [4], [0], )) Graph the lines . #figure( stdfig([#cetz.canvas({ import cetz.draw: * line((16.43pt, 24.29pt), (213.57pt, 97.14pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black) content((111.88pt, 69.16pt), anchor: "south", text(size: 9pt)[Line 1]) line((16.43pt, 12.14pt), (213.57pt, 85.00pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black) content((111.88pt, 57.01pt), anchor: "south", text(size: 9pt)[Line 2]) line((0.00pt, 85.00pt), (234.00pt, 85.00pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black, mark: (end: ">", fill: black, size: 0.18)) line((115.00pt, 0.00pt), (115.00pt, 174.00pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black, mark: (end: ">", fill: black, size: 0.18)) line((0.00pt, 85.00pt), (0.00pt, 82.00pt), stroke: 0.5pt + black) content((0.00pt, 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The x and y axes range from negative 7 to 7, in increments of 1. The first line passes through the points, (negative 6, negative 5), (0, negative 2), (4, 0), and (6, 1). The second line passes through the points, (negative 6, negative 6), (0, negative 3), and (6, 0). The two lines do not intersect.", caption: none, ) Determine the points of intersection. The lines are parallel. Since no point is on both lines, there is no ordered pair that makes both equations true. There is no solution to this system. ] ] #examplebox("Example 7")[Solving a System of Linear Equations with Infinite Solutions][ Solve the system by a method of your choice: #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ y, equals, 2 x minus 3; minus 6 x plus 3 y, equals, minus 9")[$\{ y & = & 2 x − 3 \ − 6 x + 3 y & = & − 9$] #solutionbox[ Let us solve the system of linear equations by graphing. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ y, equals, 2 x minus 3; minus 6 x plus 3 y, equals, minus 9")[$\{ y & = & 2 x − 3 \ − 6 x + 3 y & = & − 9$] Find the slope and #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]-intercept of the first equation. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "y, equals, 2 x minus 3; m, equals, 2; b, equals, minus 3")[$y & = & 2 x − 3 \ m & = & 2 \ b & = & − 3$] Find the intercepts of the second equation. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "minus 6 x plus 3 y equals minus 9")[$− 6 x + 3 y = − 9$] #figure(table( columns: 2, align: left, inset: 6pt, table.header([#math.equation(block: false, alt: "x")[$x$]], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]]), [0], [−3], [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "the fraction 3 over 2")[$frac(3, 2)$]], [0], )) Graph the lines . #figure( stdfig([#cetz.canvas({ import cetz.draw: * line((0.00pt, -53.43pt), (230.00pt, 199.14pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black) circle((82.14pt, 0.00pt), radius: 3.0pt, fill: black, stroke: none) circle((115.00pt, 48.57pt), radius: 3.0pt, fill: black, stroke: none) circle((197.14pt, 170.00pt), radius: 3.0pt, fill: black, stroke: none) line((0.00pt, 85.00pt), (234.00pt, 85.00pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black, mark: (end: ">", fill: black, size: 0.18)) line((115.00pt, 0.00pt), (115.00pt, 174.00pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black, mark: (end: ">", fill: black, size: 0.18)) line((0.00pt, 85.00pt), (0.00pt, 82.00pt), stroke: 0.5pt + black) content((0.00pt, 80.00pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−7]) line((16.43pt, 85.00pt), (16.43pt, 82.00pt), stroke: 0.5pt + black) content((16.43pt, 80.00pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−6]) 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The x and y axes range from negative 7 to 7, in increments of 1. The line passes through the points, (negative 2, negative 7), (0, negative 3), and (5, 7).", caption: none, ) The lines are the same! Since every point on the line makes both equations true, there are infinitely many ordered pairs that make both equations true. There are infinitely many solutions to this system. ] ] In the previous example, if you write the second equation in slope-intercept form, you may recognize that the equations have the same slope and same #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]-intercept. Since every point on the line makes both equations true, there are infinitely many ordered pairs that make both equations true. There are infinitely many solutions to the system. We say the two lines are coincident. #strong[Coincident lines] have the same slope and same #math.equation(block: false, alt: "y")[$y$]-intercept. A system of equations that has at least one solution is called a #strong[consistent system]. A system with parallel lines has no solution. We call a system of equations like this an #strong[inconsistent system]. It has no solution. We also categorize the equations in a system of equations by calling the equations independent or dependent. If two equations are independent, they each have their own set of solutions. Intersecting lines and parallel lines are independent. If two equations are dependent, all the solutions of one equation are also solutions of the other equation. When we graph two dependent equations, we get coincident lines. Let us sum this up by looking at the graphs of the three types of systems. See and the table that follows #figure( stdfig([#grid(columns: 3, gutter: 1.5em, [#cetz.canvas({ import cetz.draw: * content((115.00pt, 192.00pt), text(font: sys.inputs.at("title-font", default: "STIX Two Text"), size: 11pt)[Intersecting]) line((46.00pt, 155.83pt), (126.50pt, 56.67pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black) line((46.00pt, 14.17pt), (184.00pt, 56.67pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black) circle((138.00pt, 42.50pt), radius: 3.0pt, fill: rgb("#D62128"), stroke: none) line((0.00pt, 56.67pt), (234.00pt, 56.67pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black, mark: (end: ">", fill: black, size: 0.18)) line((46.00pt, 0.00pt), (46.00pt, 174.00pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black, mark: (end: ">", fill: black, size: 0.18)) line((0.00pt, 56.67pt), (0.00pt, 53.67pt), stroke: 0.5pt + black) content((0.00pt, 51.67pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−1]) line((92.00pt, 56.67pt), (92.00pt, 53.67pt), stroke: 0.5pt + black) content((92.00pt, 51.67pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[1]) line((138.00pt, 56.67pt), (138.00pt, 53.67pt), stroke: 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anchor: "east", text(size: 8pt)[1]) })] )]), alt: "Three coordinate planes. The first coordinate plane is labeled, Intersecting. One line passes through the points, (0, 3.5) and (1.75, 0). A second line passes through the points, (0, negative 1.5) and (3, 0). The two lines intersect at the point (2, negative 0.5). The second coordinate plane is labeled, Parallel. One line passes through the points, (negative 0.5, 0) and (0, 1). A second line passes through the points, (0, negative 1.5) and (1, 0). The lines do not intersect. The third coordinate plane is labeled, Coincident. A line passes through the points, (0, negative 1.5) and (0.75, 0).", caption: none, ) #figure(table( columns: 4, align: left, inset: 6pt, table.header([#strong[Lines]], [Intersecting], [Parallel], [Coincident]), [#strong[Number of Solutions]], [1 point], [No solution], [Infinitely many], [#strong[Consistent/Inconsistent]], [Consistent], [Inconsistent], [Consistent], [#strong[Dependent/Independent]], [Independent], [Independent], [Dependent], )) #notebox("Work It Out", rgb("#059669"), rgb("#007942"), rgb("#EAF3EC"))[ #emph[Using Matrices and Cramer’s Rule to Solve Systems of Linear Equations] An #math.equation(block: false, alt: "m")[$m$] by #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n")[$n$] matrix is an array with #math.equation(block: false, alt: "m")[$m$] rows and #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n")[$n$] columns, where each item in the matrix is a number. Matrices are used for many things, but one thing they can be used for is to represent systems of linear equations. For example, the system of linear equations #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ 2 x plus y equals 7; x minus 2 y equals 6")[$\{ 2 x + y = 7 \ x − 2 y = 6$] can be represented by the following matrix: #math.equation(block: true, alt: "[ 2, 1, 7; 1, minus 2, 6 ]")[$[ 2 & 1 & 7 \ 1 & − 2 & 6 ]$] To use Cramer’s Rule, you need to be able to take the determinant of a matrix. The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix #math.equation(block: false, alt: "A")[$A$], denoted #math.equation(block: false, alt: "| A |")[$| A |$], is #math.equation(block: true, alt: "| A | equals | a sub 11, a sub 12; a sub 21, a sub 22 | equals open parenthesis a sub 11 times a sub 22 close parenthesis plus open parenthesis a sub 21 times a sub 12 close parenthesis")[$| A | = | a_(11) & a_(12) \ a_(21) & a_(22) | = ( a_(11) × a_(22) ) + ( a_(21) × a_(12) )$] For example, the determinant of the matrix #math.equation(block: false, alt: "| 2, 1; 3, minus 2 | equals open parenthesis 2 times minus 2 close parenthesis minus open parenthesis 3 times 1 close parenthesis equals minus 4 minus 3 equals minus 7.")[$| 2 & 1 \ 3 & − 2 | = ( 2 × − 2 ) − ( 3 × 1 ) = − 4 − 3 = − 7.$] Cramer’s Rule involves taking three determinants: + The determinant of the first two columns, denoted #math.equation(block: false, alt: "| D |")[$| D |$]; + The determinant of the first column and the third column, denoted #math.equation(block: false, alt: "| D sub y |")[$| D_(y) |$]; + The determinant of the third column and the first column, denoted #math.equation(block: false, alt: "| D sub x |")[$| D_(x) |$]. Going back to the original matrix #math.equation(block: false, alt: "[ 2, 1, 7; 1, minus 2, 6 ]")[$[ 2 & 1 & 7 \ 1 & − 2 & 6 ]$] #math.equation(block: true, alt: "| D | equals | 2, 1; 1, minus 2 | equals minus 4 minus 1 equals minus 5")[$| D | = | 2 & 1 \ 1 & − 2 | = − 4 − 1 = − 5$] #math.equation(block: true, alt: "| D sub y | equals | 2, 7; 1, 6 | equals 12 minus 7 equals 5")[$| D_(y) | = | 2 & 7 \ 1 & 6 | = 12 − 7 = 5$] #math.equation(block: true, alt: "| D sub x | equals | 7, 1; 6, minus 2 | equals minus 14 minus 6 equals minus 20")[$| D_(x) | = | 7 & 1 \ 6 & − 2 | = − 14 − 6 = − 20$] Now Cramer’s Rule for the solution of the system will be: #math.equation(block: true, alt: "x equals the fraction | D sub x | over | D | , y equals the fraction | D sub y | over | D |")[$x = frac(| D_(x) |, | D |) , y = frac(| D_(y) |, | D |)$] Putting in the values for these determinants, we have #math.equation(block: false, alt: "x equals the fraction minus 20 over minus 5 equals 4 ; y equals the fraction 5 over minus 5 equals minus 1.")[$x = frac(− 20, − 5) = 4 ; y = frac(5, − 5) = − 1.$] The solution to the system is the ordered pair #math.equation(block: false, alt: "open parenthesis 4 , minus 1 close parenthesis")[$( 4 , − 1 )$]. ] === Solving Applications of Systems of Linear Equations Systems of linear equations are very useful for solving applications. Some people find setting up word problems with two variables easier than setting them up with just one variable. To solve an application, we will first translate the words into a system of linear equations. Then we will decide the most convenient method to use, and then solve the system. #strong[Step 1]: Read the problem. Make sure all the words and ideas are understood. #strong[Step 2:] Identify what we are looking for. #strong[Step 3:] Name what we are looking for. Choose variables to represent those quantities. #strong[Step 4:] Translate into a system of equations. #strong[Step 5:] Solve the system of equations using good algebra techniques. #strong[Step 6:] Check the answer in the problem and make sure it makes sense. #strong[Step 7:] Answer the question with a complete sentence. #examplebox("Example 8")[Applying System to a Real-World Application][ Heather has been offered two options for her salary as a trainer at the gym. Option A would pay her \$25,000 a year plus \$15 for each training session. Option B would pay her \$10,000 a year plus \$40 for each training session. How many training sessions would make the salary options equal? #solutionbox[ #strong[Step 1:] Read the problem. #strong[Step 2:] Identify what we are looking for. We are looking for the number of training sessions that would make the pay equal. #strong[Step 3:] Name what we are looking for. Let #math.equation(block: false, alt: "s equals Heather’s salary")[$s = "Heather’s salary"$], and #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n equals the number of training sessions")[$n = "the number of training sessions"$] #strong[Step 4:] Translate into a system of equations. Option A would pay her \$25,000 plus \$15 for each training session. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "s equals 25,000 plus 15 n")[$s = 25,000 + 15 n$] Option B would pay her \$10,000 + \$40 for each training session. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "s equals 10,000 plus 40 n")[$s = 10,000 + 40 n$] The system is shown. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "{ s equals 25,000 plus 15 n; s equals 10,000 plus 40 n")[$\{ s = 25,000 + 15 n \ s = 10,000 + 40 n$] #strong[Step 5:] Solve the system of equations. We will use substitution. Substitute #math.equation(block: false, alt: "25,000 plus 15 n")[$25,000 + 15 n$] for #math.equation(block: false, alt: "s")[$s$] in the second equation #math.equation(block: true, alt: "s equals 25,000 plus 15 n; s equals 10,000 plus 40 n")[$s = 25,000 + 15 n \ s = 10,000 + 40 n$] Solve for #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n")[$n$]. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "25,000 plus 15 n, equals, 10,000 plus 40 n; 25,000, equals, 10,000 plus 25 n; 15,000, equals, 25 n; 600, equals, n")[$25,000 + 15 bold(italic(n)) & = & 10,000 + 40 n \ 25,000 & = & 10,000 + 25 n \ 15,000 & = & 25 n \ 600 & = & n$] #strong[Step 6:] Check the answer. Are 600 training sessions a year reasonable? Are the two options equal when #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n equals 600")[$n = 600$]? Substitute into each equation. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "s equals 25 , 000 plus 15 open parenthesis 600 close parenthesis equals 34 , 000; s equals 10 , 000 plus 40 open parenthesis 600 close parenthesis equals 34 , 000")[$s = 25 , 000 + 15 ( 600 ) = 34 , 000 \ s = 10 , 000 + 40 ( 600 ) = 34 , 000$] #strong[Step 7:] Answer the question. The salary options would be equal for 600 training sessions. ] ] #notebox("Video", rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[ #link("https://openstax.org/r/Practice_with_Solving")[Practice with Solving Applications of Systems of Equations] #link("https://openstax.org/r/Applications_of_Systems")[Applications of Systems of Linear Equations] ] === Key Terms - system of linear equations - solutions of a system of equations - contradictions - identities - coincident lines - consistent system of linear equations - inconsistent system of linear equations === Key Concepts - To solve a system of linear equations means finding the point or points where the two linear equations intersect. - Two lines can intersect at one point, no points if they are parallel, or every point if they are the same equation. - Systems of linear equations can be solved by graphing, by using substitution, or by using the elimination method. === Videos - #link("https://openstax.org/r/Practice_with_Solving")[Practice with Solving Applications of Systems of Equations] - #link("https://openstax.org/r/Applications_of_Systems")[Applications of Systems of Linear Equations]