#set document(title: "4.1 Hindu-Arabic Positional System", author: "OpenStax / XYZ Homework") #set page(width: 8.5in, height: auto, margin: 1in) #import "@preview/cetz:0.5.2" #set text(font: ("STIX Two Text", "Libertinus Serif", "New Computer Modern"), size: 10.5pt, lang: "en") #show math.equation: set text(font: ("STIX Two Math", "New Computer Modern Math")) #set par(justify: true, leading: 0.62em, spacing: 0.9em) #set enum(spacing: 1.1em) // room between list items so tall inline fractions don't collide #set list(spacing: 1.1em) #set table(stroke: 0.5pt + rgb("#c7ccd3")) #let BLUE = rgb("#183B6F") // brand navy — section bars + example/solution labels (white on navy 11.09:1) #let ORANGE = rgb("#A94509") // brand primary-700 — AA-safe deep orange for TEXT (5.93:1 on white; raw brand #F37021 is 2.94:1 and must never carry text) #let RED = rgb("#DC2626") // brand error-600 #let GREEN = rgb("#059669") // brand success-600 (decoration only; small green text uses green-text #007942) #show heading.where(level: 1): it => block(width: 100%, above: 0pt, below: 16pt, fill: gradient.linear(BLUE, rgb("#2C5AA0")), inset: (x: 14pt, y: 12pt), radius: 3pt, text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 19pt, it.body)) #show heading.where(level: 2): it => block(width: 100%, above: 18pt, below: 10pt, fill: BLUE, inset: (x: 10pt, y: 6pt), radius: 2pt, text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 12pt, it.body)) #show heading.where(level: 3): it => text(fill: ORANGE, weight: "bold", size: 12.5pt, it.body) #show heading.where(level: 4): it => text(fill: BLUE, weight: "bold", size: 10.5pt, it.body) #let examplebox(label, title, body) = block(width: 100%, breakable: true, fill: rgb("#EFF1F5"), stroke: 0.5pt + rgb("#CFDDF0"), radius: 4pt, inset: 10pt, above: 12pt, below: 12pt)[ #block(below: 6pt)[#box(fill: BLUE, inset: (x: 6pt, y: 2pt), radius: 2pt, text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 8.5pt, label)) #h(0.4em) #strong[#title]] #body] // rail = decorative left rule (raw brand token); labelcolor = AA-safe label text shade #let notebox(label, rail, labelcolor, tint, body) = block(width: 100%, breakable: true, fill: tint, stroke: (left: 3pt + rail), inset: (left: 10pt, rest: 8pt), radius: (right: 4pt), above: 11pt, below: 11pt)[ #text(fill: labelcolor, weight: "bold", size: 7.5pt, tracking: 0.5pt)[#upper(label)] #linebreak() #body] #let solutionbox(body) = block(above: 4pt, below: 8pt)[ #text(fill: BLUE, weight: "bold", size: 8.5pt)[Solution] #linebreak() #body] #let figph(msg) = block(width: 100%, height: 60pt, fill: rgb("#f6f7f9"), stroke: (paint: rgb("#c7ccd3"), dash: "dashed"), radius: 4pt, inset: 10pt)[ #align(center + horizon, text(fill: rgb("#889"), style: "italic", size: 9pt, msg))] // Standardize inlined figure sizes: measure the natural CeTZ canvas, then scale to a // consistent envelope (aspect-aware; see build_typst.py FIG_* constants). Unlike the // print preamble, dimensions are FLOORED: in an editor a user can trim a figure to a // degenerate 1-D shape (a bare line), and w/h or tw/w would then divide by zero. #let _STD_W = 3.5 #let _WIDE_W = 5.6 #let _MAX_H = 3.4 #let _ASPECT_WIDE = 2.2 #let _UPSCALE_MAX = 1.15 #let stdfig(body) = context { let m = measure(body) let w = calc.max(m.width / 1in, 0.01) let h = calc.max(m.height / 1in, 0.01) let tw = if w / h > _ASPECT_WIDE { _WIDE_W } else { _STD_W } let s = calc.min(tw / w, _MAX_H / h, _UPSCALE_MAX) align(center, box(scale(x: s * 100%, y: s * 100%, reflow: true, body))) } #show figure: set block(breakable: false) #set figure(gap: 8pt) #show figure.caption: set text(size: 8.5pt, fill: rgb("#555")) == 4.1#h(0.6em)Hindu-Arabic Positional System #figure(figph[An old manuscript contains early written numerals.], alt: "An old manuscript contains early written numerals.", caption: [This manuscript is an early example of Hindu numerals.]) === Learning Objectives #strong[After completing this section, you should be able to:] + Evaluate an exponential expression. + Convert a Hindu-Arabic numeral to expanded form. + Convert a number in expanded form to a Hindu-Arabic numeral. The modern system of counting and computing isn’t necessarily natural. That different symbols are used to indicate different quantities or amounts is a relatively new invention. Simple marking by scratches or dots, one for each item being counted, was the norm long into human history. The modern system doesn’t use repeated symbols to indicate more than one of a thing. It uses the place of a digit in a #strong[numeral] to determine what that digit represents. A numeral is a symbol used to represent a number. A #strong[number] is an abstract idea that represents quantity or amount. Being clear about the difference between numeral and number is important. Just like a person can be called by various names, such as brother, father, husband, uncle, they are all representing the same person, John Smith. The person John Smith is the number, and the names brother, father, husband, and uncle are the numerals. #notebox("Who Knew?", rgb("#183B6F"), rgb("#183B6F"), rgb("#EFF1F5"))[ #emph[Hindu-Arabic Numerals] The numerals we currently use are referred to as Hindu-Arabic numerals, although they have changed as time has passed. Early forms of the numerals for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 began in India, and passed through Persia to the Middle East. Place value was also employed in the early systems of India. Once this system was in north Africa and the Middle East, it spread to Europe, eventually replacing Roman numerals. Over time, the original symbols transformed into our modern ones. Read #link("https://openstax.org/r/myindiamyglory.com/2018/09/05")[this article for another perspective on how the symbols began (based on the moon!)]. ] The system we use for counting and computing uses place values based on powers of 10. In this section, we review exponents and our positional system. === Evaluating Exponential Expressions Most modern numerical systems depend on place values, where the quantity represented depends not only on the digit, but also on where the digit is in the number. The place value is a power of some specific number, which means most numbering systems are actually exponential expressions. An #strong[exponential expression] is any mathematical expression that includes exponents. So, evaluating such an expression means performing the calculation. In this chapter, we will be using exponents that are positive integer values. Before we do so, let’s remind ourselves about exponents and what they represent. Suppose you want to multiply a number. Let’s label that number #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a")[$a$], by itself some number of times. Let’s label the number of times #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b")[$b$]. We denote that as #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a to the power b")[$a^(b)$]. We say #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a")[$a$], or the #strong[base], raised to the #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b")[$b$]th power, or the #strong[exponent]. For example, if we are multiplying 13 by itself eight times, we write #math.equation(block: false, alt: "13 to the power 8")[$13^(8)$] and say 13 to the eighth power. When computing exponential expressions, we should be careful to remember the order of operations. Using the order of operation rules, calculations inside the parentheses are done first, then exponents are calculated, then multiplication and division calculations are performed, and then addition and subtraction. #notebox("Video", rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[ #link("https://openstax.org/r/Exponential_Notation")[Exponential Notation] ] #examplebox("Example 1")[Evaluating an Exponential Expression][ Evaluate the following exponential expressions. + #math.equation(block: false, alt: "4 times 5 squared plus 2 times 6 cubed")[$4 × 5^(2) + 2 × 6^(3)$] + #math.equation(block: false, alt: "6 times 8 squared plus 3 times 8 to the power 1 plus 4 times 8 to the power 0")[$6 × 8^(2) + 3 × 8^(1) + 4 × 8^(0)$] + #math.equation(block: false, alt: "3 times 10 squared plus 0 times 10 to the power 1 plus 6 times 10 to the power 0")[$3 × 10^(2) + 0 × 10^(1) + 6 × 10^(0)$] #solutionbox[ + To evaluate, or calculate, this expression, we use order of operations, which means the exponents are done first, then multiplications, and then additions. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "4 times 5 squared plus 2 times 6 cubed equals 4 times 5 times 5 plus 2 times 6 times 6 times 6 equals 4 times 25 plus 2 times 216 equals 100 plus 432 equals 532")[$4 × 5^(2) + 2 × 6^(3) = 4 × 5 × 5 + 2 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 4 × 25 + 2 × 216 = 100 + 432 = 532$] + To evaluate the expression, we use the order of operations, which means the exponents are done first, then the multiplications, then the additions. Remember that any base raised to the exponent 0 is 1. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "6 times 8 squared plus 3 times 8 to the power 1 plus 4 times 8 to the power 0 equals 6 times 8 times 8 plus 3 times 8 plus 4 times 1 equals 6 times 64 plus 3 times 8 plus 4 times 1 equals 384 plus 24 plus 4 equals 412")[$6 × 8^(2) + 3 × 8^(1) + 4 × 8^(0) = 6 × 8 × 8 + 3 × 8 + 4 × 1 = 6 × 64 + 3 × 8 + 4 × 1 = 384 + 24 + 4 = 412$] + To evaluate the expression, we use the order of operations, which means the exponents are done first, then the multiplications, and then the additions. Remember that any base raised to the exponent 0 is 1. #math.equation(block: true, alt: "3 times 10 squared plus 0 times 10 to the power 1 plus 6 times 10 to the power 0 equals 3 times 100 plus 0 times 10 plus 6 times 1 equals 300 plus 0 plus 6 equals 306")[$3 × 10^(2) + 0 × 10^(1) + 6 × 10^(0) = 3 × 100 + 0 × 10 + 6 × 1 = 300 + 0 + 6 = 306$] ] ] === Converting Hindu-Arabic Numerals to Expanded Form When you see the number 738, and you speak the number out loud, what do you say? You probably said “seven hundred thirty-eight” while wondering what point could possibly be made by asking this. What you didn’t say was “seven, and three, and eight.” A pre-K student might say that. Which should make you wonder, why? The reason is that you’ve been taught #strong[place values], or the positions of digits in a number that determine the values of those digits. You know that in a three-digit number, the first digit is hundreds, the second digit is tens, and the last digit is ones. These place values rely on powers of 10, which makes this system a #strong[base 10 system]. This sense of place value is what makes our system of numbers so useful. You’ve also been taught the #strong[Hindu-Arabic numeration system]. This system, which uses the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and also employs place value based on powers of 10, is in use today. Writing a number using these place values is writing them in #strong[expanded form]. For a number with #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n")[$n$] digits, the expanded form is the first digit times 10 raised to one less than #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n")[$n$], plus each following digit times 10 raised to one less than the previous power of 10. For example, the number 738 would be written as #math.equation(block: false, alt: "7 times 10 squared plus 3 times 10 to the power 1 plus 8 times 10 to the power 0")[$7 × 10^(2) + 3 × 10^(1) + 8 × 10^(0)$]. What about a four-digit number, like 5,825? Out loud, we’d say five thousand, seven hundred twenty-five. In expanded form, it would be #math.equation(block: false, alt: "5 times 10 cubed plus 8 times 10 squared plus 2 times 10 to the power 1 plus 5 times 10 to the power 0")[$5 × 10^(3) + 8 × 10^(2) + 2 × 10^(1) + 5 × 10^(0)$]. Notice that the largest exponent is one less than the number of digits, and that the exponents go down by one as we move through the number. #notebox("People in Mathematics", rgb("#183B6F"), rgb("#183B6F"), rgb("#EFF1F5"))[ #emph[Aryabhata of Kusumapura and Brahmagupta] The Hindu-Arabic numeral system developed in India, and Aryabhata of Kusumapura is credited with the place value notation in the 5th century. However, the system wasn’t as complete as it could be, until. roughly a century later, when Brahmagupta introduced the symbol for 0. The 0 is necessary to indicate that a given place value has been skipped, as in 4,098. In 4,098, the 10#super[2] power is skipped. Without such a symbol, 4,098 and 498 look similar. The value of both the place value notation and the introduction of the symbol 0 cannot be overstated, for math and the sciences. ] #examplebox("Example 2")[Writing a Number in Expanded Form][ Write the following in expanded form. + 563 + 4,821 + 903,786 #solutionbox[ + #strong[Step 1:] Since there are three digits in 563, #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n")[$n$] is 3. So, this is the first digit times 10 raised to the power of 2, so we start with #math.equation(block: false, alt: "5 times 10 squared")[$5 × 10^(2)$]. #strong[Step 2:] Then we add the next digit, 6, multiplied by 10 to a power one less than the previous, at which point we have #math.equation(block: false, alt: "5 times 10 squared plus 6 times 10 to the power 1")[$5 × 10^(2) + 6 × 10^(1)$]. #strong[Step 3:] Finally, the last digit is multiplied by 10 to the zeroth power and added to the previous. This results in #math.equation(block: false, alt: "5 times 10 squared plus 6 times 10 to the power 1 plus 3 times 10 to the power 0")[$5 × 10^(2) + 6 × 10^(1) + 3 × 10^(0)$]. + #strong[Step 1:] Since there are four digits in 4,821, #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n")[$n$] is 4. We multiply the first digit, 4, by 10 raised to the power of 3, which is #math.equation(block: false, alt: "4 times 10 cubed")[$4 × 10^(3)$]. #strong[Step 2:] Then we add the next digit, 8, multiplied by 10 to a power one less than the previous, at which point we have #math.equation(block: false, alt: "4 times 10 cubed plus 8 times 10 squared")[$4 × 10^(3) + 8 × 10^(2)$]. #strong[Step 3:] We continue to the next digit, lowering the exponent of 10 by one. Now we have #math.equation(block: false, alt: "4 times 10 cubed plus 8 times 10 squared plus 2 times 10 to the power 1")[$4 × 10^(3) + 8 × 10^(2) + 2 × 10^(1)$]. #strong[Step 4:] Finally, the last digit is multiplied by 10 to the zeroth power and added to the previous. This results in #math.equation(block: false, alt: "4 times 10 cubed plus 8 times 10 squared plus 2 times 10 to the power 1 plus 1 times 10 to the power 0")[$4 × 10^(3) + 8 × 10^(2) + 2 × 10^(1) + 1 × 10^(0)$]. + Since there are six digits in 903,786, #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n")[$n$] is 6. So, we begin the process with 9 times 10 raised to the 5th power and continue through the numbers, reducing the exponent of 10 by one each time. This results in #math.equation(block: false, alt: "9 times 10 to the power 5 plus 0 times 10 to the power 4 plus 3 times 10 cubed plus 7 times 10 squared plus 8 times 10 to the power 1 plus 6 times 10 to the power 0")[$9 × 10^(5) + 0 × 10^(4) + 3 × 10^(3) + 7 × 10^(2) + 8 × 10^(1) + 6 × 10^(0)$]. ] ] === Converting Numbers in Expanded Form to Hindu-Arabic Numerals Converting from expanded form back into a Hindu-Arabic numeral is the reverse process of expanding a number, and is equivalent to evaluating the exponential expression. #examplebox("Example 3")[Converting a Number from Expanded Form to a Hindu-Arabic Numeral][ Convert the following into Hindu-Arabic numerals. + #math.equation(block: false, alt: "3 times 10 squared plus 4 times 10 to the power 1 plus 8 times 10 to the power 0")[$3 × 10^(2) + 4 × 10^(1) + 8 × 10^(0)$] + #math.equation(block: false, alt: "5 times 10 cubed plus 0 times 10 squared plus 9 times 10 to the power 1 plus 9 times 10 to the power 0")[$5 × 10^(3) + 0 × 10^(2) + 9 × 10^(1) + 9 × 10^(0)$] + #math.equation(block: false, alt: "6 times 10 to the power 6 plus 2 times 10 to the power 5 plus 0 times 10 to the power 4 plus 9 times 10 cubed plus 1 times 10 squared plus 1 times 10 to the power 1 plus 7 times 10 to the power 0")[$6 × 10^(6) + 2 × 10^(5) + 0 × 10^(4) + 9 × 10^(3) + 1 × 10^(2) + 1 × 10^(1) + 7 × 10^(0)$] #solutionbox[ + Evaluating the expression results in: #math.equation(block: false, alt: "3 times 10 squared plus 4 times 10 to the power 1 plus 8 times 10 to the power 0 equals 3 times 100 plus 4 times 10 plus 8 times 1 equals 300 plus 40 plus 8 equals 348")[$3 × 10^(2) + 4 × 10^(1) + 8 × 10^(0) = 3 × 100 + 4 × 10 + 8 × 1 = 300 + 40 + 8 = 348$] + Evaluating the expression results in: #math.equation(block: false, alt: "5 times 10 cubed plus 0 times 10 squared plus 9 times 10 to the power 1 plus 9 times 10 to the power 0 equals 5 times 1000 plus 0 times 100 plus 9 times 10 plus 9 times 1 equals 5000 plus 0 plus 90 plus 9 equals 5099")[$5 × 10^(3) + 0 × 10^(2) + 9 × 10^(1) + 9 × 10^(0) = 5 × 1000 + 0 × 100 + 9 × 10 + 9 × 1 = 5000 + 0 + 90 + 9 = 5099$] + Evaluating the expression results in: #math.equation(block: false, alt: "6 times 10 to the power 6 plus 2 times 10 to the power 5 plus 0 times 10 to the power 4 plus 9 times 10 cubed plus 1 times 10 squared plus 1 times 10 to the power 1 plus 7 times 10 to the power 0; equals 6 times 1,000,000 plus 2 times 100,000 plus 0 times 10,000 plus 9 times 1,000 plus 1 times 100 plus 1 times 10 plus 7 times 1; equals 6,000,000 plus 200,000 plus 0 plus 9,000 plus 100 plus 10 plus 7; equals 6,209,117")[$6 × 10^(6) + 2 × 10^(5) + 0 × 10^(4) + 9 × 10^(3) + 1 × 10^(2) + 1 × 10^(1) + 7 × 10^(0) \ = 6 × 1,000,000 + 2 × 100,000 + 0 × 10,000 + 9 × 1,000 + 1 × 100 + 1 × 10 + 7 × 1 \ = 6,000,000 + 200,000 + 0 + 9,000 + 100 + 10 + 7 \ = 6,209,117$] ] ] === Key Terms - numeral - number - exponential expression - base - exponent - place value - base 10 system - Hindu-Arabic numeration system - expanded form === Key Concepts - Exponents are used to represent repeated multiplication of a base. - In arithmetic, exponents are computed before multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction. Computing an exponent is done by multiplying the base by itself the number of times equal to the exponent. - The system of numbers currently used is the Hindu-Arabic system. Digits in this system take on values based on their place in the number. The place values are determined by multiplying the digit by 10 raised to the appropriate power. - The expanded form of a Hindu-Arabic number is the sum of each digit times 10 raised to the exponent for that place value. === Videos - #link("https://openstax.org/r/Exponential_Notation")[Exponential Notation]