#set document(title: "3.2 The Integers", author: "OpenStax / XYZ Homework")
#set page(width: 8.5in, height: auto, margin: 1in)
#import "@preview/cetz:0.5.2"
#set text(font: ("STIX Two Text", "Libertinus Serif", "New Computer Modern"), size: 10.5pt, lang: "en")
#show math.equation: set text(font: ("STIX Two Math", "New Computer Modern Math"))
#set par(justify: true, leading: 0.62em, spacing: 0.9em)
#set enum(spacing: 1.1em)   // room between list items so tall inline fractions don't collide
#set list(spacing: 1.1em)
#set table(stroke: 0.5pt + rgb("#c7ccd3"))

#let BLUE = rgb("#183B6F")     // brand navy — section bars + example/solution labels (white on navy 11.09:1)
#let ORANGE = rgb("#A94509")   // brand primary-700 — AA-safe deep orange for TEXT (5.93:1 on white; raw brand #F37021 is 2.94:1 and must never carry text)
#let RED = rgb("#DC2626")      // brand error-600
#let GREEN = rgb("#059669")    // brand success-600 (decoration only; small green text uses green-text #007942)

#show heading.where(level: 1): it => block(width: 100%, above: 0pt, below: 16pt,
  fill: gradient.linear(BLUE, rgb("#2C5AA0")), inset: (x: 14pt, y: 12pt), radius: 3pt,
  text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 19pt, it.body))
#show heading.where(level: 2): it => block(width: 100%, above: 18pt, below: 10pt,
  fill: BLUE, inset: (x: 10pt, y: 6pt), radius: 2pt,
  text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 12pt, it.body))
#show heading.where(level: 3): it => text(fill: ORANGE, weight: "bold", size: 12.5pt, it.body)
#show heading.where(level: 4): it => text(fill: BLUE, weight: "bold", size: 10.5pt, it.body)

#let examplebox(label, title, body) = block(width: 100%, breakable: true,
  fill: rgb("#EFF1F5"), stroke: 0.5pt + rgb("#CFDDF0"), radius: 4pt, inset: 10pt,
  above: 12pt, below: 12pt)[
  #block(below: 6pt)[#box(fill: BLUE, inset: (x: 6pt, y: 2pt), radius: 2pt,
    text(fill: white, weight: "bold", size: 8.5pt, label)) #h(0.4em) #strong[#title]]
  #body]

// rail = decorative left rule (raw brand token); labelcolor = AA-safe label text shade
#let notebox(label, rail, labelcolor, tint, body) = block(width: 100%, breakable: true, fill: tint,
    stroke: (left: 3pt + rail), inset: (left: 10pt, rest: 8pt), radius: (right: 4pt),
    above: 11pt, below: 11pt)[
    #text(fill: labelcolor, weight: "bold", size: 7.5pt, tracking: 0.5pt)[#upper(label)]
    #linebreak() #body]

#let solutionbox(body) = block(above: 4pt, below: 8pt)[
  #text(fill: BLUE, weight: "bold", size: 8.5pt)[Solution] #linebreak() #body]

#let figph(msg) = block(width: 100%, height: 60pt, fill: rgb("#f6f7f9"),
  stroke: (paint: rgb("#c7ccd3"), dash: "dashed"), radius: 4pt, inset: 10pt)[
  #align(center + horizon, text(fill: rgb("#889"), style: "italic", size: 9pt, msg))]

// Standardize inlined figure sizes: measure the natural CeTZ canvas, then scale to a
// consistent envelope (aspect-aware; see build_typst.py FIG_* constants). Unlike the
// print preamble, dimensions are FLOORED: in an editor a user can trim a figure to a
// degenerate 1-D shape (a bare line), and w/h or tw/w would then divide by zero.
#let _STD_W = 3.5
#let _WIDE_W = 5.6
#let _MAX_H = 3.4
#let _ASPECT_WIDE = 2.2
#let _UPSCALE_MAX = 1.15
#let stdfig(body) = context {
  let m = measure(body)
  let w = calc.max(m.width / 1in, 0.01)
  let h = calc.max(m.height / 1in, 0.01)
  let tw = if w / h > _ASPECT_WIDE { _WIDE_W } else { _STD_W }
  let s = calc.min(tw / w, _MAX_H / h, _UPSCALE_MAX)
  align(center, box(scale(x: s * 100%, y: s * 100%, reflow: true, body)))
}

#show figure: set block(breakable: false)
#set figure(gap: 8pt)
#show figure.caption: set text(size: 8.5pt, fill: rgb("#555"))


  
== 3.2#h(0.6em)The Integers


  #figure(figph[A close-up view shows the hands of a person typing on a laptop. The screen shows a budget.], alt: "A close-up view shows the hands of a person typing on a laptop. The screen shows a budget.", caption: [A ledger comparing assets to debts, resulting in net wealth.])


  
    After completing this section, you should be able to:


    + Define and identify numbers that are integers.
+ Graph integers on a number line.
+ Compare integers.
+ Compute the absolute value of an integer.
+ Add and subtract integers.
+ Multiply and divide integers.


  
  Positive net wealth is when the total value of a person’s assets, such as their home, their 401(k), their car, and savings account balance, exceed that of their debts, such as car loans, mortgages, or credit card debt. However, when the total value of debt exceeds the total value of assets, then the person has negative net wealth. Expressing the negative net wealth as a negative number allows people to work with the positive net values and negative net values with the same mathematical processes, and in the same applications. This section introduces the integers and operations with integers.


  
    
=== Defining and Identifying Integers


    Extending the counting numbers to include negative numbers and zero forms the #strong[integers]. Any other number that cannot be written as #math.equation(block: false, alt: "{ and so on minus 3 , minus 2 , minus 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , and so on }")[$\{ … − 3 , − 2 , − 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , … \}$] is not an integer.


    #examplebox("Example 1")[Identifying Integers][
Which of the following are integers and which are not?


        #figure(table(
  columns: 2, align: left, inset: 6pt,
  table.header([−3], [Is an integer, as it is the negative of a counting number]),
  [#math.equation(block: false, alt: "the square root of 24")[$sqrt(24)$]], [This is not written as an integer. Entering the square root of 24 in a calculator, such as desmos, the result is 4.899 (rounded off). Since this is not an integer, then #math.equation(block: false, alt: "the square root of 24")[$sqrt(24)$] is not an integer.],
  [36/4], [Since 36 divided by 4 is 9, and 9 is an integer, then 36/4 is an integer.],
  [45], [Is an integer, as it is a counting number],
  [63.9], [Is not an integer, because it is not a counting number and not the negative of a counting number.],
  [2/7], [Dividing 2 by 7 results in a number less than 1, but greater than 0, so is between two consecutive integers. So, 2/7 is not an integer.],
  [−16.0], [Is an integer, since the decimal part is 0],
))
]


    
  
  
    
=== Graphing Integers on a Number Line


    Integers are often imagined as steps along a path. You start at 0, and going to the left is going backward, or in the negative direction, while going to the right is going forward, or in the positive direction. A number line  helps envision the integers. This also means that an integer gives magnitude (size) and direction (positive is to the right, negative is to the left). Graphing an integer on the number line means placing a solid dot at the integer on the number line.


    #figure(
  stdfig([#cetz.canvas({
  import cetz.draw: *
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (207.20pt, 0.0pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-196.00pt, -4.0pt), (-196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−7])
  line((-168.00pt, -4.0pt), (-168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−6])
  line((-140.00pt, -4.0pt), (-140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−5])
  line((-112.00pt, -4.0pt), (-112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−4])
  line((-84.00pt, -4.0pt), (-84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−3])
  line((-56.00pt, -4.0pt), (-56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−2])
  line((-28.00pt, -4.0pt), (-28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−1])
  line((0.00pt, -4.0pt), (0.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((0.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[0])
  line((28.00pt, -4.0pt), (28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[1])
  line((56.00pt, -4.0pt), (56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[2])
  line((84.00pt, -4.0pt), (84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[3])
  line((112.00pt, -4.0pt), (112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[4])
  line((140.00pt, -4.0pt), (140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[5])
  line((168.00pt, -4.0pt), (168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[6])
  line((196.00pt, -4.0pt), (196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[7])
})]),
  alt: "A number line ranges from negative 7 to 7, in increments of 1.", caption: none,
)


    #notebox("Video", rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[
#link("https://openstax.org/r/Graphing_Integers")[Graphing Integers on the Number Line]
]


    #examplebox("Example 2")[Graphing Numbers on the Number Line][
Graph the following on the number line:


        + 1
+ −4
+ 3


      
      #solutionbox[
+ #figure(
  stdfig([#cetz.canvas({
  import cetz.draw: *
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (207.20pt, 0.0pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-196.00pt, -4.0pt), (-196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−7])
  line((-168.00pt, -4.0pt), (-168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−6])
  line((-140.00pt, -4.0pt), (-140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−5])
  line((-112.00pt, -4.0pt), (-112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−4])
  line((-84.00pt, -4.0pt), (-84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−3])
  line((-56.00pt, -4.0pt), (-56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−2])
  line((-28.00pt, -4.0pt), (-28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−1])
  line((0.00pt, -4.0pt), (0.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((0.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[0])
  line((28.00pt, -4.0pt), (28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[1])
  line((56.00pt, -4.0pt), (56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[2])
  line((84.00pt, -4.0pt), (84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[3])
  line((112.00pt, -4.0pt), (112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[4])
  line((140.00pt, -4.0pt), (140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[5])
  line((168.00pt, -4.0pt), (168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[6])
  line((196.00pt, -4.0pt), (196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[7])
  circle((28.00pt, 0.0pt), radius: 3.00pt, fill: black, stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  content((28.00pt, -14pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 9pt)[x = 1])
})]),
  alt: "A number line ranges from negative 7 to 7, in increments of 1. A point is marked at 1 and it is labeled x equals 1.", caption: none,
)
+ #figure(
  stdfig([#cetz.canvas({
  import cetz.draw: *
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (207.20pt, 0.0pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-196.00pt, -4.0pt), (-196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−7])
  line((-168.00pt, -4.0pt), (-168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−6])
  line((-140.00pt, -4.0pt), (-140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−5])
  line((-112.00pt, -4.0pt), (-112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−4])
  line((-84.00pt, -4.0pt), (-84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−3])
  line((-56.00pt, -4.0pt), (-56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−2])
  line((-28.00pt, -4.0pt), (-28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−1])
  line((0.00pt, -4.0pt), (0.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((0.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[0])
  line((28.00pt, -4.0pt), (28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[1])
  line((56.00pt, -4.0pt), (56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[2])
  line((84.00pt, -4.0pt), (84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[3])
  line((112.00pt, -4.0pt), (112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[4])
  line((140.00pt, -4.0pt), (140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[5])
  line((168.00pt, -4.0pt), (168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[6])
  line((196.00pt, -4.0pt), (196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[7])
  circle((-112.00pt, 0.0pt), radius: 3.00pt, fill: black, stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  content((-112.00pt, -14pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 9pt)[x = -4])
})]),
  alt: "A number line ranges from negative 7 to 7, in increments of 1. A point is marked at negative 4 and it is labeled x equals negative 4.", caption: none,
)
+ #figure(
  stdfig([#cetz.canvas({
  import cetz.draw: *
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (207.20pt, 0.0pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-196.00pt, -4.0pt), (-196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−7])
  line((-168.00pt, -4.0pt), (-168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−6])
  line((-140.00pt, -4.0pt), (-140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−5])
  line((-112.00pt, -4.0pt), (-112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−4])
  line((-84.00pt, -4.0pt), (-84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−3])
  line((-56.00pt, -4.0pt), (-56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−2])
  line((-28.00pt, -4.0pt), (-28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−1])
  line((0.00pt, -4.0pt), (0.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((0.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[0])
  line((28.00pt, -4.0pt), (28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[1])
  line((56.00pt, -4.0pt), (56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[2])
  line((84.00pt, -4.0pt), (84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[3])
  line((112.00pt, -4.0pt), (112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[4])
  line((140.00pt, -4.0pt), (140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[5])
  line((168.00pt, -4.0pt), (168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[6])
  line((196.00pt, -4.0pt), (196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[7])
  circle((84.00pt, 0.0pt), radius: 3.00pt, fill: black, stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  content((84.00pt, -14pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 9pt)[x = 3])
})]),
  alt: "A number line ranges from negative 7 to 7, in increments of 1. A point is marked at 3 and it is labeled x equals 3.", caption: none,
)
]
]


    
  
  
    
=== Comparing Integers


    When determining if one quantity or size is larger than another, we know it means there is more of whatever is being discussed. In terms of positive integers, we can envision that larger integers are further to the right on the number line. This idea applies to negative integers also. This means that #strong[#math.equation(block: false, alt: "a")[$bold(italic(a))$] is greater than #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b")[$bold(italic(b))$]] when #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a")[$a$] is to the right of #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b")[$b$] on the number line. We write #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a greater than b")[$a > b$]. When #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a")[$a$] is greater than #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b")[$b$], we can also say that #strong[#math.equation(block: false, alt: "b")[$bold(italic(b))$] is less than #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a")[$bold(italic(a))$]]. On the number line, #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b")[$b$] would be to the left of #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a")[$a$]. We write #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b less than a")[$b < a$].


    We need to recognize that #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a greater than b")[$a > b$] means the same thing as #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b less than a")[$b < a$]. This can be seen on the number line in . On this number line, #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a")[$a$] is to the right of #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b")[$b$], so #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a greater than b")[$a > b$]. But this means #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b")[$b$] is to the left of #math.equation(block: false, alt: "a")[$a$], so #math.equation(block: false, alt: "b less than a")[$b < a$].


    #figure(
  stdfig([#cetz.canvas({
  import cetz.draw: *
  line((-151.20pt, 0.0pt), (151.20pt, 0.0pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-151.20pt, 0.0pt), (-145.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-151.20pt, 0.0pt), (-145.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((151.20pt, 0.0pt), (145.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((151.20pt, 0.0pt), (145.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-140.00pt, -4.0pt), (-140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−5])
  line((-112.00pt, -4.0pt), (-112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−4])
  line((-84.00pt, -4.0pt), (-84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−3])
  line((-56.00pt, -4.0pt), (-56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−2])
  line((-28.00pt, -4.0pt), (-28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−1])
  line((0.00pt, -4.0pt), (0.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((0.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[0])
  line((28.00pt, -4.0pt), (28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[1])
  line((56.00pt, -4.0pt), (56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[2])
  line((84.00pt, -4.0pt), (84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[3])
  line((112.00pt, -4.0pt), (112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[4])
  line((140.00pt, -4.0pt), (140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[5])
  circle((-56.00pt, 0.0pt), radius: 3.00pt, fill: black, stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  content((-56.00pt, -14pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 9pt)[b])
  circle((56.00pt, 0.0pt), radius: 3.00pt, fill: black, stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  content((56.00pt, -14pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 9pt)[a])
})]),
  alt: "A number line. Two points, b and a, are marked on the left and right of the number line.", caption: none,
)


    #notebox("Video", rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[
#link("https://openstax.org/r/the_Number_Line")[Comparing Integers Using the Number Line]
]


    #examplebox("Example 3")[Comparing Integers Using a Number Line][
Determine which of −6 and 4 is larger using a number line, and express that using both the greater than and the less than notations.


      
      #solutionbox[
To illustrate this, we use a number line .


        #figure(
  stdfig([#cetz.canvas({
  import cetz.draw: *
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (207.20pt, 0.0pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-196.00pt, -4.0pt), (-196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−7])
  line((-168.00pt, -4.0pt), (-168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−6])
  line((-140.00pt, -4.0pt), (-140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−5])
  line((-112.00pt, -4.0pt), (-112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−4])
  line((-84.00pt, -4.0pt), (-84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−3])
  line((-56.00pt, -4.0pt), (-56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−2])
  line((-28.00pt, -4.0pt), (-28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−1])
  line((0.00pt, -4.0pt), (0.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((0.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[0])
  line((28.00pt, -4.0pt), (28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[1])
  line((56.00pt, -4.0pt), (56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[2])
  line((84.00pt, -4.0pt), (84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[3])
  line((112.00pt, -4.0pt), (112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[4])
  line((140.00pt, -4.0pt), (140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[5])
  line((168.00pt, -4.0pt), (168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[6])
  line((196.00pt, -4.0pt), (196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[7])
  circle((-168.00pt, 0.0pt), radius: 3.00pt, fill: black, stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  circle((112.00pt, 0.0pt), radius: 3.00pt, fill: black, stroke: 0.7pt + black)
})]),
  alt: "A number line ranges from negative 7 to 7, in increments of 1. Two points are marked at negative 6 and 4.", caption: none,
)


        Since −6 is to the left of 4, then −6 is less than 4. We can write this as −6 \< 4. Another way of expressing this is that 4 is greater than −6. So we can also write #math.equation(block: false, alt: "4 greater than minus 6")[$4 > − 6$].
]
]


    
    #examplebox("Example 4")[Comparing Negative Integers][
Determine which of −6 and −2 is larger, and express that using both the greater than and the less than notations.


      
      #solutionbox[
To illustrate this, we use a number line .


        #figure(
  stdfig([#cetz.canvas({
  import cetz.draw: *
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (207.20pt, 0.0pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-207.20pt, 0.0pt), (-201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, 3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((207.20pt, 0.0pt), (201.20pt, -3.60pt), stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  line((-196.00pt, -4.0pt), (-196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−7])
  line((-168.00pt, -4.0pt), (-168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−6])
  line((-140.00pt, -4.0pt), (-140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−5])
  line((-112.00pt, -4.0pt), (-112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−4])
  line((-84.00pt, -4.0pt), (-84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−3])
  line((-56.00pt, -4.0pt), (-56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−2])
  line((-28.00pt, -4.0pt), (-28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((-28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[−1])
  line((0.00pt, -4.0pt), (0.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((0.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[0])
  line((28.00pt, -4.0pt), (28.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((28.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[1])
  line((56.00pt, -4.0pt), (56.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((56.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[2])
  line((84.00pt, -4.0pt), (84.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((84.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[3])
  line((112.00pt, -4.0pt), (112.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((112.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[4])
  line((140.00pt, -4.0pt), (140.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((140.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[5])
  line((168.00pt, -4.0pt), (168.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((168.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[6])
  line((196.00pt, -4.0pt), (196.00pt, 4.0pt), stroke: 0.6pt + black)
  content((196.00pt, -9.0pt), anchor: "north", text(size: 8pt)[7])
  circle((-168.00pt, 0.0pt), radius: 3.00pt, fill: black, stroke: 0.7pt + black)
  circle((-56.00pt, 0.0pt), radius: 3.00pt, fill: black, stroke: 0.7pt + black)
})]),
  alt: "A number line ranges from negative 7 to 7, in increments of 1. Two points are marked at negative 6 and negative 2.", caption: none,
)


        Since −6 is to the left of −2, then −6 is less than −2. We can write this as #math.equation(block: false, alt: "minus 6 less than minus 2")[$− 6 < − 2$].


        Another way of expressing this is that −2 is greater than −6. So we can also write #math.equation(block: false, alt: "minus 2 greater than minus 6")[$− 2 > − 6$].
]
]


    #notebox("Checkpoint", rgb("#059669"), rgb("#007942"), rgb("#EAF3EC"))[
#emph[Warning: People often ignore the negative signs, and think than since 6 is greater than 2, −6 is greater than −2. To avoid that error, remember that the greater number is to the right on the number line.]
]


    
    #examplebox("Example 5")[Comparing Integers by Quantity][
Determine which of 27 and 410 is larger, and express that using both the greater than and the less than notations.


      
      #solutionbox[
When thinking about quantity, 410 is more than 27. So, 410 is greater than 27 and 27 is less than 410. We can write this as #math.equation(block: false, alt: "410 greater than 27")[$410 > 27$] or as #math.equation(block: false, alt: "27 less than 410")[$27 < 410$].
]
]


    
  
  
    
=== The Absolute Value of an Integer


    When talking about graphing integers on the number line, one interpretation suggests it is like walking along a path. Negative is going to the left of 0, and positive going to the right. If you take 30 steps to the right, you are 30 steps away from 0. On the other hand, when you take 30 steps to the left, you are still 30 steps away from 0. So, in a way, even though one is negative and the other positive, these two numbers, 30 and −30, are equal since both are 30 steps away from 0. The #strong[absolute value of an integer] #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n")[$n$] is the distance from #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n")[$n$] to 0, regardless of the direction. The notation for absolute value of the integer #math.equation(block: false, alt: "n")[$n$] is #math.equation(block: false, alt: "| n |")[$| n |$].


    If we think of an integer as both direction and magnitude (size), absolute value is the magnitude part.


    Calculating the absolute value of an integer is very straightforward. If the integer is positive, then the absolute value of the integer is just the integer itself. If the integer is negative, then to compute the absolute value of the integer, simply remove the negative sign. Keeping in mind the number line as a path, when you’ve gone 10 steps to the left of 0, you have still taken 10 steps, and the direction does not matter.


    #notebox("Video", rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#DC2626"), rgb("#f7f8fa"))[
#link("https://openstax.org/r/Absolute_Value_of_an_Integer")[Evaluating the Absolute Value of an Integer]
]


    #examplebox("Example 6")[Calculating the Absolute Value of a Positive Integer][
Calculate |19|.


      
      #solutionbox[
Since the number inside the absolute value symbol is positive, the absolute value is just the number itself. So |19| = 19.
]
]


    
    #examplebox("Example 7")[Calculating the Absolute Value of a Negative Integer][
Calculate |−435|.


      
      #solutionbox[
Since the number inside the absolute value is negative, the absolute value removes the negative sign. So |−435| = 435.
]
]


    
  
  
    
=== Adding and Subtracting Integers


    You may recall having approached adding and subtracting integers using the number line from earlier in your academic life. Adding a positive integer results in moving to the right on the number line. Adding a negative integer results in moving to the left. Subtracting a positive integer results in a move to the left on the number line. But subtracting a negative integer results in a move to the right.


    This leads to a few adding and subtracting rules, such as:


    #strong[Rule 1:] Subtracting a negative is the same as adding a positive.


    #strong[Rule 2:] Adding two negative integers always results in a negative integer.


    #strong[Rule 3:] Adding two positive integers always results in a positive integer.


    #strong[Rule 4:] The sign when adding integers with opposite signs is the same as the integer with the larger absolute value.


    These rules are good to keep in the back of your mind, as they can serve as a quick error check when you use a calculator.


    #examplebox("Example 8")[Adding Integers][
Use your calculator to calculate 4 + (−7). Explain how the answer agrees with what was expected.


      
      #solutionbox[
Using a calculator, we find that 4 + (−7) = −3. Since we are adding integers with opposite signs, the sign of the answer matches the sign of the integer with the larger absolute value which |−7|=7.
]
]


    
    #examplebox("Example 9")[Subtracting Positive Integers][
Use your calculator to calculate 18 − 9. Explain how the answer agrees with what was expected.


      
      #solutionbox[
Using a calculator, we find that 18 − 9 = 9. Since 18 was larger than 9, we expected the difference to be positive.
]
]


    
    #examplebox("Example 10")[Subtracting with Negative Integers][
Use your calculator to calculate 27 − (−13). Explain how the answer agrees with what was expected.


      
      #solutionbox[
Using a calculator, we find that 27 – (−13) = 40. Since we’re subtracting a negative number, it is the same as adding a positive, so this is the same as 27 + 13 = 40.
]
]


    
    #examplebox("Example 11")[Adding Integers with Opposite Signs][
Use your calculator to calculate (−13) + 90. Explain how the answer agrees with what was expected.


      
      #solutionbox[
Using a calculator, we find that (−13) + 90 = 77. Since we are adding integers with opposite signs, the sign of the answer matches the sign of the integer with the larger absolute value, which is positive since 90 is positive.
]
]


    
    One use of negative numbers is determining #strong[net worth], which is all the weath someone owns less all that someone owes. Sometimes net worth is positive (which is good), and sometimes net worth is negative (which can be stressful).


    #examplebox("Example 12")[Calculating Net Worth][
Jennifer is owed \$50 from her friend Janice, but owes her friend Pat \$87. What is Jennifer’s net worth?


      
      #solutionbox[
Net worth is the amount that one is owed minus the amount one owes. Jennifer is owed \$50 but owes \$87. So, her net worth is \$50 – \$87 = −\$37. The negative indicates that Jennifer owes more than she is owed.
]
]


    
  
  
    
=== Multiplying and Dividing Integers


    Similar to addition and subtraction, the signs of the integers impact the results when multiplying and dividing integers. The rules are fairly straightforward, but again rely on the direction on the number line. There are only two rules.


    #strong[Rule 1:] When multiplying or dividing two integers with the same sign, the result is positive.


    #strong[Rule 2:] When multiplying or dividing two integers with opposite signs, the result is negative.


    Just as before, these rules can serve as a quick error check when using a calculator.


    #examplebox("Example 13")[Multiplying Positive Integers][
Use your calculator to calculate 4 × 8. Explain how the answer agrees with what was expected.


      
      #solutionbox[
Entering 4 × 8 into your calculator, the result is 32. This agrees with our expectation. The numbers have the same signs, so the result is positive.
]
]


    
    #examplebox("Example 14")[Multiplying Integers with Different Signs][
Use your calculator to calculate 9 × (−10). Explain how the answer agrees with what was expected.


      
      #solutionbox[
Entering 9 × (−10) into your calculator, the result is −90. This agrees with our expectation. The numbers have opposite signs, so the result is negative.
]
]


    
    #examplebox("Example 15")[Dividing Integers with Different Signs][
Use your calculator to calculate 400/(−25). Explain how the answer agrees with what was expected.


      
      #solutionbox[
Entering 400/(−25) into your calculator, the result is −16. This agrees with our expectation. The numbers have opposite signs, so the result is negative.
]
]


    
    #examplebox("Example 16")[Dividing Negative Integers][
Use your calculator to calculate −750/(−3). Explain how the answer agrees with what was expected.


      
      #solutionbox[
Entering −750/(−3) into your calculator, the result is 250. This agrees with our expectation. The numbers have the same signs, so the result is positive.
]
]


    
    At the end of a season, a team may wish to buy their coach an end-of season gift. It makes sense to share the cost equally among the members. To do so, the team would need to find the average (or mean) cost per member. The #strong[average (or mean) of a set of] numbers is the sum of the numbers divided by the number values that are being averaged.


    #examplebox("Example 17")[Finding the Average of a Set of Numbers][
The daily low temperatures in Barrie, Ontario, for the week of February 14, 2021, were −20°, −12°, −15°, −23°, −17°, −13°, and −19° degrees Celsius. What was the average daily temperature for the week of February 14, 2021, in Barrie?


      
      #solutionbox[
#strong[Step 1:] To find the average daily temperature, we first need to add the temperatures.


        (−20) + (−12) + (−15) + (−23) + (−17) + (−13) + (−19) = −119


        #strong[Step 2:] That sum will then be divided by 7 since we are averaging over seven days, giving −119/7 = −17. So, the average daily temperature in Barrie, Ontario the week of February 14, 2021, was −17° Celsius.
]
]


    
  
  
  
  
    
=== Key Terms


    - integer
- absolute value
- average of a set of numbers


  
  
    
=== Key Concepts


    - A set of numbers that can be built from the natural numbers are the integers, which consist of the natural numbers, zero (0), and the negatives of the natural numbers.
- Integers are often graphed on a number line, which helps display the relative positions and values of those numbers.
- The number line can be used to visualize when one integer is larger than or smaller than another integer.
- Arithmetic operations with integers are similar to the operations with natural numbers, except that the sign (positive or negative) of the numbers will determine the sign (positive or negative) of the result.


  
  
    
=== Videos


    - #link("https://openstax.org/r/Graphing_Integers_on_the_Number_Line")[Graphing Integers on the Number Line]
- #link("https://openstax.org/r/Comparing_Integers_Using_the_Number_Line")[Comparing Integers Using the Number Line]
- #link("https://openstax.org/r/Evaluating_the_Absolute_Value_of-an-Integer")[Evaluating the Absolute Value of an Integer]